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^ *b Pan-American Edition.
^kORESHAN SCIENTIFIC SERIES.— 25 CENTS A COP^
.1
Cellular Cosmogony
fUIDING STAR PUBLISHING HOUSE
313-317 Englewood Ave., Chicago, III.
$100,000 challenge
to
the Scientif- ic
World
WE WILL GUARANTEE and secure the payment of the sunt of $100,000 to the Astrono- mer, Geodesist, Engineer or Ex- perimentalist who will overthrow the premise of the CELLULAR J$ COSMOGONY, and demonstrate, conclusively, by facts of observation and experi- ment, the Copernican or accept- ed system of astronomy, with its assumptions of the convex- ity, rotation, and mobility of the earth, i rf jf i i jf
ec§£ el£
-disprove
At
Tacts presented
In this
Uolume
Che man who Accepts this Challenge
must be
a Recog- nized
$ci= entist
/""APABLE of representing the system of astronomy he champions ; Ik*
OR re pa d late (he accepted system t and announce to the world his iti- ability to either disprove the Ko- reshan System or to substantiate his own; must acquire a knowl- edge of the CELLULAR COS- MOGONY— as we have of the astronomy of the old school — and the facts and methods of our demonstrations, and become fa- miliar with the terms upon which we will meet him in the field of eon test in the conduct of practical expciimcnts, by which alone the propositions may be settled, and the sum stipulated won or lost.
-must agree
to
forfeit
the sura of
$100,000
in
case
be
Tails
i
^c/iz&9?£mc
~7Â¥r^?4j
THE
CELLULAR COSMOGONY
THE EARTH A CONCAVE SPHERE
■±uA, C,<
PART I The Universology of Koreshanity
(with addendum: "astronomy's FAL8B foundation.") BY KORESH,
THE FOUNDER OF THE KO KESHAN SYSTEM OF RELIGIO-SCIENCE; AUTHOR OF VOLUMES OF KORESHAN LITERATURE.
PART II
The New Geodesy
BY PROFESSOR U. G. MORROW,
ASTRONOMER AND GEODESIST FOR THE KORESHAN UNITY, AND EDITOR OF THE FLAMING SWORD.
CHICAGO:
THE GUIDING STAR PUBLISHING HOUSE,
Wlr&l Engtewood Avenue.
1901. A. K. 61.
$6 (,3J>
r COPYRIGHT
BY GUIDING STAR PUBLISHING HOUSE, 1898.
-9-
Dedication.
THIS LITTLE WORK IS PART OF THE SKIRMISH LINE OF THE
Army of Retention;
IT SHALL NEVER CEASE
ITS INFLUENCE
UNTIL EVERY VESTIGE OF THE FALLACIES AND EVILS
OF A PERVERTED SCIENCE AND RELIGION SHALL HAVE BEEN RELEGATED TO OBLIVION.
TO THE FIRSTFRUITS OF THE RESURRECTION, OFFSPRING OF THE LORD, I SUPREMELY - DEDICATE IT;
THENCE TO ALL MEN IN ALL GRADES OF PROGRESS
IN THEIR LIBERATION
FROM THE THRALDOM TO IGNORANCE
AND THE HELLS OF THE COMPETITIVE SYSTEM.
— Kw$».
100561
Contents.
Part I.
Introduction Pages 5-9
THE UNIVER90I,OGY OF KORESHANITY.— The form of the Universe, the great Alchemico-Organic World.— Motion and function.— Cause of motion.— The remote cause of physical motion.— The cause of motion from the Biblical and Theological point of view.— The Precession of the Equi- noxes as related to the Astro. Biological manifestations.— Transposition of mental force to Alchemico-Organic (physical) energy.— Laws of motion of Planetary Disci in the shell or Firmament of the Universe.— Why is it necessary to know the form of the Universe? 11- a S
Optical Factors and Illusions.— Positive proofs of Koreshan Cosmogony con- trasted with' the assumptions of the old school.— The vanishing ship's hull. —The laws of visual impression 39-34
Koreshan Geodetic Service.— Outline of principles of accurate measure- ment of the Earth's Contour.— Horizontal rectilineation.— Geodetic Survey revolutionized 34-39
Part II.
THE NEW GEODESY.— The Question of the shape of the Earth pivoted upon a specific proposition.— The fairness of our propositions.— Is the true Level, extended as an Air Line, tangent or convergent to the water's surface? 40-47
Modern Geodetic Operations.— The usual facts and phenomena used in Modern Astronomy prove the rotundity, but not the convexity of the Earth.— Horizontal tangents from the standpoint of the surveyor.— Hori- zontal tangents in the Concave Earth.— Appearances the basis of usual Geodetic calculations.— The crosshair and the vanishing point.— Modern science has been unable to discover and apply the means of demonstration of the Earth's shape.— Limit of lateral vision in Concave Earth 47-63
The Earth Is Not Convex.— Series of Experiments conducted on the water's surface by the Koreshan Geodetic Staff.— Universal laws of Hydrostatics.— Proctor's denials, comments, and admissions.— Kxperiments on the Old Drainage Canal, Chicago.— Convincing observations on the return journey. —The striking feature of the final observation, giving unmistakable evi- dence that water is not convex.— Experiments on Lake Michigan 64-76
Observations on Southern Waters.— Series of Experiments conducted on the Gulf of Mexico and Bay of Naples.— Observations from Naples Beach.— Sanibel light visible 34 miles.— Cape Romano visible 25 miles with the eye at water level— Remarkable observations by Koreshan Geodetic Staft on the Gulf of Mexico and Naples Bay, Florida.— Experiments on Naples Bay. —Water's concavity visible 76-87
Principles of Mechanical Survey —Successive steps in the logic of Geo- metrical propositions and applied Mechanics in direct demonstration.— Ancient and modern Geodetic apparatus.— Fundamental principles of Geometry.— Transposition from Geometrical to Mechanical principles.— The Invention of the Rectilineator.— Modus Operandi of the New Geodesy. . — „ 87-100
The Koreshan Geodetic Expedition.— Factors involved in the measurement of Meridian Arc in the Florida Coast Survey.— Accuracy of the Rectiline- ator proved.— System of Reversals and Final Tests.— Preparations tor the Geodetic Survey.— Prof. Marrow's 8ystem of uniform Tide Measures.— Levels, plumbs, appurtenances, and records.— Personnel of the Staff, Investigating Committee and Corps of Witnesses xoo-113
Results and Inevitable Conclusions.— Details of measurements and exten- sion of the Air Line into the water.— The testimony of levels, plumbs, and horizon.— Details of visual projection of the Air Line over Gordon's Pass.— The extension of the Air Line into the water.— Facts of measurement of altitude of the Air Line on 25 tide staffs.— Comparative results of altitude measurements on Concave and Convex surfaces.— Conclusion of the direct demonstration.— The New Geodesy, in its success, exceeds in importance the world's fruitless scientific research 113-134
Echoes of the Geodetic Survey.— Conclusive answers to irrational objections and arguments against the results obtained by the Rectilineator.— Obsti- nacy manifested by chagrined critics.— Geodetic and Geometric ratio of Earth's Concavity.— Two classes of objections urged.— The objections con- tradict each other.— Reply to charge of inclining first section.— Charge of falsification of the facts of measurement.— Other experiments corroborate the 8urvey,— Concave or Convex, which? 134-145
In the Daily Press.— Reprints and Etchings of Reports and Editorials in thet great dailies of America.— Reports of the Florida Survey went around the world.— Proof That We Wve Inside the Globe (from Chicago Times - Herald).— Koreshans' startling claim that their theory is demonstrated by Experiments and Surveys.— Propositions of the Koreshans.— How the surveys were made.— Scientists challenged to open contest.— Easily susceptible to decision.— A great Revolution would result— Koreshan Science and Theology.— What benefits would follow ?— Koreshanity (from Louisville Courier- Journal).— Prof. Morrow tells of Dr. Teed's Theories.— Experiments in Florida.— Believes he has proved the Earth Hollow.— People and planets on inside.— Relations of the Sun, Moon, and Stars to the world.— Explanation of Gravity.— Reverse of popular theories.— How
THB CELLULAR COSMOGONY.
eclipses occur.— Circumnavigation of the globe.— Planets not populated.— Theory of creation.— Is the Copernican System All Wrong? - X43-X68
The Hollow Globe and the Bible.— The Cellular Cosmogony demonstrates the truth of the Astronomy of the Scriptures.— Texts concerning the Earth's Concavity, the relations of the Earth, Sun, Moon, and Stars; scien- tific demonstration of the Firmamental environ.— The Koreshan and Copernican systems compared.— The Firmament is the circumferential environ.— The "Hollow of His hand," the Earth's Concavity.— The arc and the chord of arc.— What and where are the Physical Heavens ?— Sun, Moon, and Stars; their location and motion 168-184
Appendix.— Report of Visiting and Investigating Committee.— Testimony con- cerning projection of visual line into the water, May 8, 1897.— Testimony of Operators and Watchmen concerning adjustments and precautions taken to prevent anyone tampering with Apparatus.— Testimony of Aeronauts Concerning the shape of the World.— The Concavity of the Earth as seen from a Balloon.— View of the immense terrestrial basin.— Positively ap- peared Concave.— Appears as a Concave surface.— Concave instead of Convex.— Advertl8emeiita..~......~.^~^.~~~^.^...~~~.~~~.. 185000
3 'ght is'invisible from A, because it is behind the j
* This is a fair and simple statement of the *ons which are affirmed by the astronooyf ^ ^ < t * *■he sea. The horizon of such>* for a given altitude; **r **• to the nake*1^
Scientific Experiments on Lake Michigan.
Stirfaee of Water Demonstrated by Octtlar Evidence to be
Not Convex ; Specific Testa by Means
of the Telescope.
T1
BY PEOF V. Q, MOBBOW.
'HE FUNDAMENTAL premise of the Coperni- can system of astronomy, is the hypothesis that the surface of the earth on which we live is convex. The well-known phenomenon of the disap- pearance of a ship's hull beyond the horizon of the surface of the sea, is one of the principal so called proofs offered in support of the popular theory; it is constantly being urged as an objection to the Ko- reshan conclusion that the earth is a hollow globe with its habitable surface concave instead of convex. If the usual theory were true, specific tests would verify it; if it is fallacious, ocular tests are sufficient to disprove it and to overthrow the entire system. In order to appreciate the value and force of such experiments of observation as have been con- T ducted during the past three years by the Koreshan
| Scientific Staff, it is necessary to consider the ratio
of the earth's curvature, and the claims of the advocates of the old school of astronomy. We desire to examine the subject just as it is presented by the astronomer, and subject the theory to the test of the facts of observation. The so called proof is an
1 •
The
THB CELLULAR COSMOCiONY.
occur.— CircumnaYigatlon of the globe.— Planets not populated.— creation.— Is the Copernican System All Wx-ong?
**...... ~ — *43- X68
pr ^^^^llble.— The Cellular Cosmogony demonstrates J^^etl- tion^l^^Bkpf the Scriptures.— Texts couceruiixg l^f scien- tific om^BMLIfre Earth, Sun, Moon, and Starmjj^^ ~
imc age, ^^^j^^ HTffT ""^ ^^ggf^hf* power of vision incre
If the surfac^J^JBHppffTvex, the water line of the horizon would Be Die simple apex of the arc of the water1 s curvature. If the hull of a vessel A***# disappeared on a rotund surface, it would do so be-
cause of the simple fact that it had passed to a point \ below the visual line extending from the eye over
i the apex or horizon. In other words, the hull would
] be rendered absolutely invisible by the intervening
hill of water. We desire to state the question fairly, so that there can be no quibbling concerning the premise upon which the old system is made to rest. A convex earth 25,000 miles in circumference ' would manifest a curvation of 8 inches to the mile-
or, according to the geometrical formula, the square of the distance in miles, multiplied by 8 inches, gives the declination in inches, from the tangent line. In two miles the curvature downward from the tangent would be 32 inches; 3 miles, 6 feet; 4 miles, 10 feetand 8 inches; 8 miles, 42 feet and 8 inches. For the sake of illustration, we refer to the diagram accompanying this article. It represents ' an arc of convex curvature, 8 miles in length. The
line AB is tangent to the apex of the arc at C. The curvature from C to A and B would be equal, be- cause the arcs of declination are equal, amounting, at both A and B, to about 1 1 feet.
From an elevation of 1 1 feet at A, view the horizon of the convex arc. It is 4 miles away— it is the apex of the hill of water. At B, a distance of 4 miles beyond C, any object just 11 feet in
y
LtVen- . scfen- power
height is^invisible from A, because it is behind the hill. This is a fair and simple statement of the conditions which are affirmed by the astronomer, to exist on the sea. The horizon of such a surface is permanent for a given altitude; it would be the same point both to the naked eye and through the telescope; any object below the line B would be equally invisible through the telescope as with the
I,IQHTHOU$B AND TARGET.
Sketch of Telescopic Field, Showing Water Visible at Bottom of Target and Base of Tower.
naked eye. This statement is not disputed by any well-informed advocate of the earth's convexity. The simple question is, Does the convexity exist? If so, whatever is beneath the line B is invisible from A; if objects beneath B can be seen through the telescope at A, it is conclusive that water is not convex.
On August 27, 1899, a target 3 feet broad and 6
THB
feet in length was suspended over the wall consti- tuting the base of the lighthouse on the new Gov- ernment pier, Chicago; the bottom of the target just touched the water. A 4^ -foot mounted tele- scope, with 3-inch object glass, was placed at an elevation of 1 1 feet above the water, on the pier at the old World's Fair grounds, a little over 8 miles south of the lighthouse. To the ijnaided eye at n feet elevation, about one third of the lighthouse tower appeared to be below the horizon; only the tops of the engine-houses could be seen above the water line. The new Government pier itself was entirely invisible. Yachts in the vicinity of the
Diagram of Convex Arc. 8 Kilei in length showing impossit)
of zz feet, if t
lighthouse appeared about half sail "down."
We now meet the so called proof of the earth's convexity squarely, face to face. Is it true or not? If it is true, when we view the lighthouse through the telescope, from same elevation as with the naked eye, no part of the objects apparently below the horizon can be seen; only so much of the tower as stands above the line B, in the diagram we have referred to, would appear in the telescopic field; it would be physically impossible for it to be otherwise. The telescope was directed to the lighthouse; a clear focus was obtained, and careful views, extending over a period of three hours, were witnessed by about fifty persons who were present on the jjier. We
>ti-
)V-
ret le- an at les n se be tie as le
saw the tower down to the line B; the wall of masonry at the base of the tower, and the target E, below B, down to the water's surface. The action of the waves against the wall was clearly observed. The target was a special one, with horizontal stripes of red and white. We counted the stripes on the target to definitely ascertain whether or not we observed the whole of it; there was not a square foot of it invisible ! Yachts sailing about the pier, appearing half mast "down" to the naked eye, were visible, hull and all, down to the surface on which they sailed. We carefully sketched the'view through the telescope, and herewith reproduce it for the
i«u>o««H>mt£f seeing Target, Pier, '"JJlf the wter were Convex.
and Foundation of Tower, from elevation
feet,
benefit of the reader. The target appears in the picture at E, as the white rectangular object below the engine-house at B; the bottom is on the water. The picture is true to the facts as observed; and the reader is enabled to virtually see what we saw. By actual mathematical calculation, we determine that in order to see the whole target at E, on the surface of a convex body of water at a distance of 8 miles, the telescope would have to be placed about 40 feet above the water at the observing station; it was, in fact, only 1 1 feet above the water.
To the naked eye, the horizon appeared to be about midway between the observing station and the lighthouse. If it were the apex of a tangible
Convex arc, it would remain when the telescope is applied. The telescopic view reveals no horizon between the eye and the lighthouse. What has be- come of it? It has vanished; the apparent hill is gone, and the objects invisible to the naked' eye, be- yond the apparent horizon, are brought into full view. The telescopic view reveals the fact that the greater visual power has projected the horizon still farther out on the I^ake, just as the apparent meet- ing point of two railway tracks may be extended by means of the telescope, and objects between the tracks beyond the apparent meeting point, invisible to the eye alone, made visible by increasing the angles of visual radiation.
A number of yachts were objects of comparative observation in this series of experiments. Only the topsails were visible to the eye alone, appearing as white points above the distant water line. Through the telescope the hulls were not only visible, but the surface of the water was seen beyond the hulls; the horizon was projected beyond the yachts. The hori- zon is not the apex of a convex arc; it is not the top of a bulge of water. It is simply the limit of geolinear vision. The vanishing point differs with different eyes, and with telescopes of different pow- ers. The distance to which the horizon is projected by the telescope depends upon its power, and upon the altitude of the eye at the time of comparative observations.
When the fancied bulge of water vanishes by means of the ' 'magic tube," and objects apparently below the horizon of the unaided vision are brought into view, the premise of the Copernican system of astronomy is dissipated. Koreshanity is conducting a scientific crusade against fallacy. The common people observe our simple facts, believe, and abandon the effete system. The old system is left without a shadow of evidence for support, and it will soon be without a following.
L
:ope is lorizon las be- hill is e j^. of Koreshanlty
o full
^
THE NEW WORLD
Is the —
ltthe HOLLOW globe:.
still meet- ?d by
the sible
the
tive the r as
»h
he he
The great battles of the impending Scientific Revolution are being fought over the shape of the Earth. The Earth is the Astronomical !*i- battle-ground; its surface is tangible and is susceptible of test. The
te concavity of the Earth, in confirmation of the Startling Discovery by
r KORESH, 30 years ago, has been demonstrated by the
Latest Geodetic Surveys.
You will want to learn all about su^h a New World, the great Discovery and the startling facts of Geodetic Surveys and Observations. We have published a Book which tells the story in plain words:
CELLULAR COSMOGONY
The Earth a Concave Sphere,
By Kobesh, the Founder of Koreshanity, and Prof. U. G. Morrow, Editor Flaming Sword. Profusely illustrated. 200 pages, postpaid, 25 Cents. Thousands of copies sold ! Agents wanted everywhere !
THE GUIDING STAR PUBLISHING HOUSE,
CHICAGO, ILL.
...I
The Literature of Koreshanitj
Uncovers nhc Mystery of Ages.
The Library of the Koreshan System contains brief ex- positions of the Universology of Koresh, in its unique inter- pretation of the Laws, Phenomena, Forms, and Relations oi Being and Existence, and in the scientific revelation of the character of God and Man and their relations. This Unique Literature is specially adapted to meet the demands of the truth-seeker and to satisfy the commendable curiosity of the modern mind.
A glimpse of Koreshan Universology in. its application to human thought and life, preparatory to the establishment of the Social Theocratic System, called the Kingdom of God, may be obtained by a careful study of fundamental principles.
From the Writings of Kor«tht
KORESHAN SCIENCE ~ 10 cts
The Science of the Decalogue ~~ -—... 10 cte
Reincarnation or Resurrection of the Dead 10 cts
Emanuel Sweden borg; His Mission...- lOets
The Shepherd of Israel - „ 10 cts
Illumination of Koresh ~ 10 cts
Judgment (A discussion of the Sex Question) 5 cts
The Covenant of Life. „ 2 cts
A More Literal Exposition of the Decalogue 2 cts
Where is the Lord? .. 2 cts
Fundamental Principles and Covenant Defined 2 cts
The Mission of the Lord ~ -.. 2 cts
Cardinal Points of Koreshan! ty .. 2 cts
Celibacy 2 cts
The Law of God 2 cts
Mnemonics, or the Science of Memory 2 cts
Experiments on Lake Michigan 2 cts
CELLULAR COSMOGONY, or the Earth a Concave
Sphere; by Koresh and Prof. U. G. Morrow. Illustrated;
200 pages 26 cts
Identification of Israel. By Dr. Andrews « „ 10 cts
Note—The 2-cent tracts listed above (ten in number) postpaid for io cents. The above entire series, including the Cellular Cosmogony, sent by mail, postpaid, for only 75 cents.
The Guiding Star Publishing House, 313*310 Englewood Ave, Chicago, 111.
KORESHAN UNIVERSOLOGY, founded by KORESH thirty years ago, is a revolutionary System of Science, founded upon the demon- strated premise of the Earth's Concavity. For further information read THE FLAMING SWORD, which discusses scientific subjects. 8ample copy free. Address. GUIDING STAR PUBLISHING HOUSE, 313-319 Englewood Ave., Chicago, IU.
shanity
tains brief ex- unigue inter- RmtioDSol lation of the This Unique lands of the iosity of the
>plication to ,lishment of >f God, may iples.
...10 eta ...lOcts lOcts .10 eta .10 eta .10 eta . 5ctt 2 eta 2cta 2 eta 2da 2 eta 2 eta 2 eta I eta I eta eta
eta tts
i for io
oQOsr,
se,
yearn mon- read oaple -3*9
0
Introduction.
THIS SCIENTIFIC volume, largely devoted to details of the execution of the practical demonstration — mechanically con- ducted— of the earth's concavity, is but preliminary to the most stupendous and comprehensive exposition ever projected and con- summated by human intellect. Upon the assumption that the surface of the earth is convex, there has been predicated that pro- digious fallacy, the Copernican system, which, according to the admission of its most enthusiastic advocates and adherents, does not contain a single positive proof of scientific accuracy.
In 1870, the Authorof the Koreshan System of Universology, upon the basis of the law of comparative analogy, announced the discovery of the cosmogonic form, which he then declared to be cellular, the surface of the earth being concave, with a curvature of about eight inches to the mile. This rate of cur- vation would give a diameter of eight thousand, and a.circum- ference of twenty-five thousand miles. Applying the common laws and principles of optics, with perspective foreshortening, all the phenomena of appearances in optical illusion were scientifically accounted for, and the earth optically demon- strated to be concave, although visual appearances seemed to indicate the contrary.
After twenty -seven years of almost fruitless effort to find a man capable, honest, and efficient, with capacity to compre- hend the principles of foreshortening in their illusory optical influence in perspective and foreshortening, and experiencing the weight of responsibility which a knowledge of the truth imposed upon the discoverer, the suggestion urged itself that we transpose, from the domain of optical science to that of mechanical principles, the effort to enlighten the world as to cosmic form. Under such impulse, having found our man,
G THE CKlvIvUtAR Ck)SM0G6lSfV.
we urged the necessity for the application of a mechanical device by which a right-angle line could be drawn from a verti- cal point perpendicular to the surface of the earth. Professor U. G. Morrow has the honor of the invention by which the mechanical proof of the concavity of the earth is so absolutely demonstrated as to preclude even the possibility of a doubt of its true contour, in* the mind of any person honest enough to examine without bias or prejudice, the proofs offered.
Professor Morrow has the additional honor also, of having directed the conduct of all the experiments through which the mechanical Geodetic demonstration has been carried forward to a successful geometrical and mathematical conclusion and climax, — irrefutable and overwhelming. This work, however, is but the geometrical and mathematical confirmation of that part of a great system having for its pediment and groundwork the cosmic structure, the form and function of which had already been enunciated. The alchemico- organic cosmos (the physical universe) is the ultimate and therefore the most out- ward expression of creative power. It is the language of causa- tion manifest in the form of symbolism. Given a knowledge of this form with its function, the cause is necessarily disclosed.
Deity, if this be the term employed to designate the Supreme Source of being and activity, cannot be comprehended until the structure and function of the universe are absolutely known; hence mankind is ignorant of God until his handi- work is accurately deciphered. Yet to know God, who, though unknown by the world is not unknowable, is the supreme demand of all intellectual research and development.
If we accept the logical deduction of the fallacious Coperni- can system of astronomy, we conclude the universe to be illim- itable and incomprehensible, and its cause equally so; there- fore, not only would the universe be forever beyond the reach of the intellectual perspective of human aspiration and effort, but God himself would be beyond the pale of our conception, and therefore beyond our adoration.
Introduction. ?
The Koreshan Cosmogony reduces the universe to ptopor- tionate limits, and its cause within the comprehension of the human mind. It demonstrates the possibility of the attainment of man to his supreme inheritance, the ultimate dominion of the universe, thus restoring him to the acme of exaltation, — the throne of the Eternal, whence he had his origin.
Embraced in the system of which the external cosmic form is the mere outward cell, is its correspondent, the macro- cosmic or Grand Man. Outwardly, this is the visible humanity in the process of development toward a perfected state, not yet approached only as it was attained to in the Lord Christ, its germinal beginning, the firstfruits of the perfected genus.
The alchemico-organic cell is definitely structured. It is the egg from which the human macrocosm attains its incuba- tion, hence when humanity reaches its organic shape it must assume the correspondential organism. Therefore, if we know universal form as it obtains in the alchemico-organic cosmos, we can render the language of this form into that of the legiti- mate structure of society; for one is the pattern of the other. Its functions and activities can also be readily translated into the language of societal functions and activities. Genuine societal fellowship will finally become a structured and composite unity, evolved through the application of intellectual energy and direction. It will become the anthropomorphic counter- part of the alchemico-organic (physical) world. A knowledge of the structure and function of the alchemico-organic cosmos constitutes the basis of a structured theology which is essential to the organic unity and perpetuity of the human race.
It does not follow, because a fallacious theological system ' has maintained the world in a state of offensive and defensive belligerency, anarchy, and chaos, that a true knowledge of God and his relation to man and man's relations to him, is not essential to genuine human perfection and happiness. In the em- phasis of the contrast, regarding the end to be attained, between the fallacious and the genuine system of cosmogony (the Coper-
8 THE CEIXUI.AR COSMOGONY.
nican and the Koreshan), we insist that all the labor of inves- tigation, the time, and the wealth expended in the Copernican fallacy have no specific purpose.
Why do we care to know whether the earth moves or is stationary ? If the universe be illimitable, it is equally incomprehensible. Why, then, should humanity waste its energies in the investigation of that which it has already pro- nounced incomprehensible, unknown, and unthinkable,- -because illimitable ? We sought to know the exact form of the universe, because we knew it to be the language of cause; and knowing the effect, we assured ourselves of the cause, that through con- scious knowledge we might enter into and become its power. The interest of the Koreshan mind in the acquisition of universal •knowledge, resides in the fact that through it we become intel- lectually instrumental in the organization of the social fabric, and thus acquire social and individual perfection, thence universal and individual immortality. We learn to know of the form and function of the alchemico organic cosmos, that we may insure the construction of the organo-vital cosmic organism.
The perfection of the individual structure depends upon the perfection of the Grand Man. The perfection of the human macrocosm (the Grand Man) depends upon the application of a few fundamental principles, revolutionary and sweeping in their influence. The principles of equilibrium are as essential to the institution and perpetuity of human happiness as they are to the eternal stability of the cosmic structure, the basis of which knowledge is found in the shape of the surface of the earth as geometrically confirmed in the application of the Recti- lineator. As the astral nucleus of the alchemico-organic cos- mos is so related in form and function to the circumference containing it, as to receive the convergence of all energies and radiate them equitably to all parts of the cosmic structure, and as the heart of the vidual body, the seat of the commerce of the body, is the center of collection and distribution, hence
INTRODUCTION. 9
society must be so organically structured as to be able to collect and distribute the products of nature, coupled with industry and sustained by the application of economic law. The attain- ment of a knowledge of this law is founded upon a knowledge of the alchemico-organic cosmos.
It is so vastly important, in view of all these facts, for the world to possess a knowledge of the contour of the earth 's sur- face, that we devoted the work of many months to mechanical application, for the purpose of giving to the world some simple mechanical proofs of what we have known and taught for nearly thirty years. Man's knowledge of man is his knowl- edge of God; not man as he is in his segregate state, but as he will be when the two forms (male and female) unite in the integral - ism of his biunity, of which the Son of God was the archetype. The Lord was Jehovah manifest in his human perfection. To know the Lord Christ absolutely, is to be in the consciousness of Deity; and to become like him is to sit upon the throne of his glory. This knowledge is so related to the structured alchemico-organic macrocosm, that to know of the earth's con- cavity and its relation to universal form, is to know God; while to believe in the earth *s convexity is to deny him and all his works. All that is opposed to Koreshanity is Antichrist.
KORESH, The Founder of Koreshanity. Chicago, Illinois, U. 8. A.,
August, 1898.
The Geodesy and Astronomy of the Bible.
"For the invisible things of Him from the creation of the world are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even his eternal power and Godhead."— Eom.i: 20.
"Who hath measured the waters in the hollow [concavity] of his hand, and meted out heaven with the span, and comprehended the dust of the earth in a measure, weighed the mountains in scales, and the hills in a balance f — lsa. xl: 12.
"Where wast thou when I laid the foundations of the earth ? * * Who hath laid the measures thereof? or who hath stretched the line upon it?"— Job. xxxviii : 4,5.
"The man with a measuring line in his hand," who "stood upon a wall made by a plumb-line, with a plumb-line in his hand." "He stood, aud measured the earth."— Zech. ii : 1 ; Amos vii: 7; Hab. iii: 6.
Goethe Ctirsed the Copernlcan 8ystem.
"In whatever way or manner may have occurred this business, 1 must still say that I curse this modern theory of cosmogouy (the Copernican system) and hope that perchance there may appear in due time some scientist of genius who will pick up courage to upset this universally disseminated delirium of luna- tics. —Von Goethe.
Copernicus on His Uncertain Hypothesis.
"Neither let any one, so far as hypotheses are concerned, expect anything certain from astronomy, since that science can afford nothing of the kind. The hypothesis of the terrestrial motion of the earth was nothing but an hypothesis,, valuable only so far as it explained phenomena, and not to be considered with reference to absolute truth."— Copernicus, Founder of Modern Astronomy.
An Astronomer Admits That it Cannot be Proven.
"When we consider that the advocates of the earth's stationary position can account for and explain the celestial phenomena as accurately, to their own thinking, as we can to ours, in addition to which they have the evidences of their senses, which we have not, and Scriptures and facts in their favor, which we have not, it is not without some show of reason that they maintain the supe- riority of their system. Whereas, we must be content at present, to take for granted the truth of the hypothesis of the earth's motion for one thing. We shall never, indeed, arrive at a time when we shall be able to prououuee it abso- lutely proved to be true. The nature of the subject excludes such a possibility. However perfect our theory may appear, in our estimation, and however satis- factorily the Newtonian hypothesis may seem to account for all celestial phe- nomena, yet we are here compelled to admit the astounding truth, that if our S remise be disputed aud our facts challenged, the whole range of astronomy oes not contain the proofs of its own accuracy. Startling as this announcement may appear, it is nevertheless true; and astronomy would indeed be helpless, were it not for the implied approval of those whose authority is considered a guarantee of its truth. Should this sole refuge fail us. all our arguments, all our observations, all our boasted accuracy would be useless, and the whole science of modern astronomy must fall to the ground!"— Dr. Woodhousb, Astronomer, Cambridge, Eng.
Part I.
THE
Universology of Koreshanity.
The Relations of the Physical and Anthropostic Worlds; the Perfect
Man the Supreme Impulser of all Universal
Activity and Motion.
BY KORESH.
KORESHANITY is universal science applied to all the concerns of practical life, involving the science of immortal life in the body. It includes the science of religion, founded upon an accurate knowledge of the struct- ure and function of the cosmic organism. It embraces every department and phase of form and function in the universe, and is therefore Univbrsoi,ogy. It is predicated upon an absolutely demonstrated premise, a geometric fig- ure which embraces three simple elements— the arc, chord, and radius practically applied to earth measurement by a process which determines the contour of the surface of the earth in which we dwell, and the direction of its curvation. This is not theoretical but applied geometry. This contour is found to be an upward instead of a downward curve, and thus it is diametrically opposite to the assumed convexity of the earth's surface. The world is therefore face to face with a radical astronomical revolution.
The earth is a concave sphere, the ratio of curvation being eight inches to the mile, thus giving a diameter of eight thousand, and a corresponding circumference of about twenty-five thousand miles. This fact is physic-
12 THE CELLULAR COSMOGONY.
ally and mechanically demonstrated by placing a perpendic- ular post at any point on the surface of the earth, (though it were better to place it by the side of a surface of water, ) and extending a straight line at right angles from this per- pendicular. The line thus extended will strike the surface at any distance proportionate to the height of the vertical post.
"Hypothesis, or guesswork , indeed, lies at the foun- dation of all scientific knowledge," says the Standard Dic- tionary, quoting from Fiske's ' 'Unseen World," page 3. The term science is derived from scire y to know; hence, sci- ence is the I^atin term for knowledge. Science means
knowledge, nothing more, nothing less. (That which is founded upon hypothesis (assumption) is not science, nor should it be dignified by that title.j The Copernican system of astronomy has its foundation in assumption, — this is con- ceded by all so called scientific astronomers. The Coperni- can system has never been demonstrated, therefore it is not scientific.
What does Koreshanity offer as a substitute for the gigantic fallacy and farce of the benighted Copernicus? First, it offers the fact that in experiments carefully made by the Koreshan Geodetic Staff at Naples, on the Gulf coast of Florida, the contour of the earth was proven to be diametrically the reverse of what is taught as true in the
UNIVKRSOLOGY OF KORESHANITY. 13
pseudo-science of modern times. The surface of the earth is not convex. It appears to be so because of optical illu- sion. The only geodetic survey ever made for the purpose of determining whether the surface on which we dwell is convex or concave, was made by the Geodetic Staff of the Koreshan Unity in the year 1897. ^n tn^s survey was cor- roborated conclusively, the testimony given in 1870, that the earth is a hollow shell about eight thousand miles in diameter, and about twenty-five thousand miles in circum- ference.
The Form of the Universe, the Great Alchemico- Organic World.
The alchemico-organic (physical) world or universe is a shell composed of seven metallic, five mineral, and five geologic strata, with an inner habitable surface of land and water. This inner surface, as the reader already under- stands, is concave. The seven metallic layers or laminae are the seven noble metals, — gold constituting the outer- most rind of the shell. This shell or crust is a number of miles in thickness. Within this shell are three prin- cipal atmospheres, the first or outermost (the one in which we exist) being composed chiefly of oxygen and nitrogen; the one immediately above that is pure hydrogen, and the one above the hydrogen atmosphere we have denom- inated aboron. Within this is the solar electro-magnetic atmosphere, the nucleus of which is the stellar center. In and occupying these atmospheres are the sun and stars, also the reflections called the planets and the moon. The planets are mercurial disci moving by electro-magnetic im- pulse between the metallic laminae or planes of the concave shell. They are seen through penetrable rays, ultra elec-
14
THE CELLULAR COSMOGONY.
trc- magnetic, reflected or bent back in their impingement on spheres of energy regularly graduated as the stories in the heavens.
In the foregoing, is presented a descriptive outline
THE CAUSE OF DAY AND NIGHT.
Cross-Sectional View of the Gigantic, Electro-Magnetic Battery with the sun as
the Perpetual Pivot and Pole. The Southern Hemisphere of the Cell.
merely, of the alchemico-organo-cosmic form. It is not assumptive. Neither is it intended, in this synopsis, to prove the Koreshan Universology ; the proofs and demonstra-
UNIVERSOLOGY OF KORESHANITY. 1 5
tions of the System will be found in subsequent chapters of this work. In this chapter, we merely state the facts.
Motion and Function.
We have already outlined the general principles of form. We here insert this axiom: Form is a funda- mental property of existence ; therefore \ that which has no form has no existence. Limitation is a property of form. The universe has existence ; therefore it has form, hence it has limitation. While the above axiom partakes somewhat of the syllogistic method, it will be noticed that the objec- tionable feature of the syllogism is expunged; namely, the premise is not an assumption.
Motion obtains in everything throughout the cosmic form. Nothing exists without motion. The atoms of the rock are constantly changing place with all other atoms. There is circulation in the bar of steel. . The angular crys- tal atoms of the diamond are in motion, and in their circu- lation and impingement they generate electro-magnetic energy of the most delicate attenuation. All these circu- lations are regular and according to the fixed laws of order ; therefore, while form exists according to definite principles of form, the laws of motion conform to and determine the principles and arrangement of organic relation and shape.
Cause of Motion.
The cause of alchemico-organic motion is remote and proximate. Before defining the laws and principles of mo- tion, we will here briefly state that within the alchemico- organic world (kosmos) there resides the anthropostic or cor- responding kosmos. These are two discrete spheres, yet they are co-ordinately one. The alchemico-organic kosmos
i6
THK CEU,UI,AR COSMOGONY.
(the physical world, the outline of which is given in preceding pages) is in the form of man ; that is, in the egg or shell — man in the state of un -incubation. The mass of humanity is in the same state, with this modification ; the alchemico-orgauic kosmos is in space, and is therefore
THE EARTH'S CONCAVE SURFACE. The Land Hemisphere.
persistent ; while its anthropostic co-ordinate embodies prin- ciples which merely correspond to space, and are not persistent in any one form. For instance : The seven metallic laminae or plates comprising the general metallic
UNIVERSOLOGY OF KORESHANlTY.
*7
rind of the macrocosmic shell, are perpetual. These are the seven limitations of energies radiating from the .stellar nucleus primarily, and from the solar limbus as the envi- ronment of the stellar nucleus. They constitute the deposit extremities of the seven energies, or the seven
•IN THE HOLLOW OF HIS HAND.' The Heavens iu the Earth.
alchemico-organic spirits of radiation. The geologic strata through which the energies radiate, are the conditions of chaos penetrated by the energies before they reach their extremities of metallic deposition and order.
1 8 THE CELLULAR COSMOGONV.
The stellar nucleus is the center of space ; the metallic laminae are at the circumference of space. Corresponden- tially in humanity, the Lord Christ was the stellar center, and his quality was the correspondent, in anthropostic being, of space in the alchemico-organic kosmos. In the progress of time in its relation to the development and progress of the race, the seven churches yet to be formu- lated into groups, are the anthropostic depositions corre- sponding to the seven metallic plates. The seven churches are seven qualities of human characteristic, and correspond to the seven planets, and therefore to the seven primary substratic laminae of the cosmic crust. '
By the remote cause of motion, is meant the cause pri- mary to the electro-magnetic energy created at and radiat- ing from the stellar nucleus, antithetically generated at the circumference of the shell and converging to the nucleus. The cellular kosmos, or the great cosmic egg previously described, constitutes a great electro-magnetic battery which is purely physical, or, as denominated in Koreshan Science, alchemico-organic. The sun and stars are focaliza- tions of energy, merging into matter materialized through voluminous and high-tension convergence. There is, at these centers, a constant concretion and sublimation. Energy is constantly materializing, and the temporary materialization is as rapidly changed to energy and is radi- ated. There is, therefore, a reciprocal interchange of sub- stance from center and circumference. The substances energized at the nucleus are radiated to the circumference and are there solidified. At the circumference, the surplus solidification is reduced again to energy and flows to the nucleus.
As there are seven metallic laminae in the prime circuni-
tJNfVKRSOU>GY OF KORKSHANITY. 1 9
ference, so there are seven prime metallic kinds of energy flowing toward and into the stellar nucleus. As these influxes are of seven distinct characteristic vibrations, so the nucleus has seven distinct degrees of energy, all meet- ing at one focal point in space, there turning back upon themselves and flowing out or radiating to the circumference and depositing at the environments of the kosmos. From ^the mineral laminae, geologic strata, and water surface of the universal rind, there is also a corresponding and co-or- dinate inflow or convergence to the stellar nucleus.
We find in this great universal battery, however, in its electro-magnetic power, but the proximate cause of its activity and form. Thus farthere is no conscious and vol- untary force. Associated in co-operative being with this alchemico-organic kosmos is another half, endowed with voluntary and involuntary consciousness, co-existent and co-eternal. This voluntary and involuntary conscious existence, the acme of whose life is in the human brain, while prior and positive as to the momentum of this duplex cosmic structure, is only coincident as to its perpetuity. Neither existed prior to the other in the timic aspect of their co-ordination. The proximate cause, then, of all the motions of the alchemico-organic cosmos, is electro-mag- netic energy produced reciprocally at the center and circum- ference of the great alchemico-organic battery, by the de- struction of matter; for let it be reiterated and remembered, that energy is the result of the destruction of matter as matter, and that matter is the result of the destruction of energy as energy. In other words, an atom of matter is the materialization of energy, and energy is the dematerializa- tion of matter. Both matter and energy are substance. It will thus be seen that energy is not therefore a mere mode
26 *H£ CtfU.tJI.AR COSMOGONY.
of motion or of vibration, but in reality is something in motion.
The Remote Cause of Physical Motion.
We have hinted only, in a general way, at the proxi- mate cause of the activities in the alchemico-organic kosmos. The term remote cause, is here employed as being a cause remote from the electro-magnetic forces upon which immedi- ately depend the form, motions, and phenomena of the cosmic structure outlined in the foregoing. We are now to
SUMMER SOLSTICE, JUNE 21. Continuous Day at the North Pole, and Long Night within the Antarctic Circle.
consider the very central and primary cause of all motion. This cause is mental. Not only is it mental, but it is voluntary and of the will. There are two cosmic fields of form and function belonging to discrete degrees, but yet co-ordinate and interdependent. These are the alchemico- organic and the organo-vital. The first and lower is that which embraces the world as the earth, with the stars, sun, planets, atmosphere, etc.; the other, the higher, is the
UNIVKRSOLOGY OF RORKSHANITY. 21
vegetable, animal, human, angelic, and God kingdoms. They are both co-eternal; neither existed before the other. The organo-vital is prior as to quality, and prior also as to its positive power to create and perpetuate.
The alchemico-organic field centers in the astral nucleus as the positive pole of its electro-magnetic energy; the organo-vital centers in the Divine man, the bright and morning Star, whence originate the voluntary redemptive will and creative power. The I^ord Jesus is the representa- tive nucleus of the regenerated manhood. The I^ord Christ
WINTER SOLSTICE, DEC. 21. Continuous Day at the South Pole, and Long Night within the Arctic Circle.
at the time of his manifestation was the center of the authropostic universe, the source of being, the point and origin of creative power.
The Cause of notion From the Biblical and Theological Point of View.
"Ho is the image of the invisible God, the first-born of every creature: for by him were all things created that nre in heaven, and that are in earth, visible and invisible, whether they be thrones, or
11 Ytt£ C£ttUI<AR COSMOGONY.
dominions, or principalities, or powers: all things were created t>y him, and for him: and he is before all things, and by him all things consist; and he is the head of the body, the church." Col. i: 15-18.
There can be but one question regarding the above Scriptural declaration. Is it true ? It is concise, sweeping, inclusive, conclusive, and lucid. Is the Lord Jesus, the Christ of God, what he declares himself to be, and what inspired men have declared him ? Is he the Son of God ? And does he embody, as the primary offspring of Deity, all the attributes of the parent? And more than this; in his development from men as the Son of man, did he absorb into himself the principles, attributes, life, form, and con- sciousness of the parent ? We hold that the Lord, as was declared of him, was the fulness of the Godhead bodily, — Father, Son, and Holy Spirit; and further, that when the Lord was visibly manifest to the outer world, his inner and spiritual life was visible to the spiritual world as the astro- biological center of that sphere, and beside him there was no God.
How could the Lord, being born an infant into the natural world only at the beginning of the age, be the cause of all things ? The Lord was not only the reincarnation of Elijah (God the Lord), of Moses, of Abraham, of Noah, of Enoch, and of Adam, in a direct line, but of all who died looking to his coming as the Messiah and Son of God in the indirect lines of reincarnation. He gathered into himself the spirits of the past. He was also the pole of influx from the heavenly worlds, and constituted the rolling together of the heavens as a scroll. He was the Word infolded and sealed. "Him hath God the Father sealed.' '
Twenty- four thousand years before the beginning of the Christian age, conditions in the world were the same as then. God was manifest in the flesh, and the Lord of the
UNIVIUSOLOGY OP KORI&HANltV. ^3
Christian Era was identical with the Adamic personality in the beginning of the 24,000-year cycle. The end and beginning of every grand zodiacal cycle bring into visible and personal manifestation the Son of God, who is Father, Mother, and Son. He, the I^ord, was the individual or undivided man. He held within himself the bride, for "He who hath the bride is the bridegroom." He wasthebiune, the two-in-one, the parent of himself and also of the sons of God. As the parent of himself, High Father, he was Abram; as the Father of the sons of God, he was and is Abraham. He being the very primate cause of all things, and possessing both the voluntary and involuntary power of creative being, it is seen that the cause of all things resides in voluntary mental energy,supplemented by the involuntary reflex of voluntary mental activity.
The Precession of the Equinoxes as Related to the Astro-biological Manifestations.
When the ordinary ' 'scientist' ' alludes to the precession of the equinoxes, he has reference merely to the sun's pre- cessional movement; but every planet passes through a cor- responding precession. The sun's precessional year is 24,- 000 years long. The precessional years of the planets are correspondingly longer, proportioned to the difference in their ordinary years. These precessional years constitute cycles of time that are definite and recurrent, and propor- tionate to the great complex, solar, lunar, planetary, and stellar precessions. The movements in the alchemico- organic sphere have an astro-biological correspondence. The signs in the physical heavens mark definitely the man- ifestations which correspond to them in the astro-biologic field. Every 24,000 years, there is a similar personal man-
24 THE CELLULAR COSMOGONY.
ifestation as the one constituting the beginning of the Christian era. Every 24,000 years, there is such a manifes- tation as is now about to occur.
We are now approaching a great biologic conflagration. Thousands of people will dematerialize, through a biolog- ical electro-magnetic vibration. This will be brought about through the direction of one mind, the only one who has a knowledge of the law of this bio-alchemical transmutation. The change will be accomplished through the formation of
Actual Position of the Universe and Tilt of Poles From Chicago.
a biological battery, the laws of which are known only to one man. This man is Elijah the prophet, ordained of God, the Shepherd of the Gentiles and the central reincar- nation of the ages. From this conflagration will spring the sons of God, the biune offspring of the Lord Jesus, the Christ and Son of God.
Transposition of Mental Force to Alchemico-Organic (Physical) Energy.
When a man (the man) so understands the laws of life
UNIVKRSOLOGY OF KORESHANITY. 25
as to know their application, and through obedience to law overcomes the sensual tendencies of his nature, he reaches the point of biologic absorption. The visible and tangible dematerializes, and the outer consciousness enters into unity and blends with the inner and spiritual. The visible man consumes and thus enters, by transabsorption, into the unity of the invisible Godhead, and, by descent, into the church prepared to receive the precipitate afflatus.
In the process of the dissolution of the visible structure,
Zodiac and Orbits of Planetary Disci in the Earth's Shell.
by which the matter of the tangible organism is dissolved, consumed, and reduced to spiritual energy — called the Holy Ghost or Spirit, — the substances (oxygen, hydrogen, nitro- gen, carbon, sulphur, phosphorus, fluorine, chlorine, sodium,- calcium, potassium, magnesium, cuprum, aluminum, iron, etc. ) contained in the organic structure, together with the atmosphere and the free energies of space, enter the vortex of vibration, which consumes the body. The consciousness of the man entering thus into the whirlpool of organic dis- solution is not obliterated, but infolds by conjunctive unity
26 THE CEUJ7I,AR COSMOGONY.
with .the central and interior mind around which the outer consciousness had wrapped itself. This interior mind con- stitutes the very central consciousness of Deity, the heart of the anthro-biologic kosmos. Radiating from this afferent absorption, the gravic spirit in its efferent distribution bap- tizes such minds as are prepared to receive the divine over- shadowing, called the Spirit. Every overshadowing of the primary seven successive baptisms proceeds directly, not from an invisible "©versou!," but from the tangible per- sonality. The Holy Ghost shed upon the world (the church) in the beginning of the age, proceeded from the visible Lord in his conversion from matter to spirit. If the IyOrd had not been personal, there could not have obtained the dissolution of his body and its conversion to Holy Spirit; and therefore the afflatus— the "oversour' — could not have obtained. But the vortical involution, the anthropostic, took place in alchemico-organic (physical) space; therefore it involved the material elements not in- cluded in the organo-vital structure, and the vibrations were communicated to the elements and essences of the alchemico-organic kosmos, converging toward and into the stellar nucleus of the alchemico-organic world, and radiating to its circumferences. It is thus that the con- scious mental nucleus of the anthropostic, imparts momen- tum to the activities of what has been denominated the physical universe. The impulse ceases to be mental energy so soon as the influence of correlation" has mutated the vi- bration of mental force to the vibration of alchemico-organic (physical) motion.
We do not employ the term vibration as it is usually employed in common psychical or physical "science;" with us, vibration signifies not merely motion imparted to atoms
UNIVKRSOI.OGY OF KORESHANITY. 2^
or essences, but the dissolving of molecules and atoms, and their conversion to energy in the various degrees, and vice versa. It is thus observed that a reciprocal relation exists between the anthro-biologic (organo- vital) and the alchem- ico-organic worlds, and that the electro-magnetic energies active in the latter are the result of a continuous, primary, voluntary mental energy generated in the human mind, dependent on the material basis (brains); these two co- ordinate fields of operation being co-eternal.
Laws of Motion of Planetary Disci in the Shell or Firmament of the Universe.
There are seven primary, movable, mercurial disci float- ing between the metallic plates or laminae. The momen- tum is imparted through the operation of the actinic radia- tions from the astral nucleus, projected through the solar influence. These radiations penetrate the geologic, mineral, and metallic strata. As the sun radiates its forces in the form of a cone, the apex of which is at the solar center, and the base at the metallic strata, the impression made upon the strata is in the form of a circular area. There is an impression of the alternate influence of caloric and cru- osic energy, the one expansile, the other contractile. This movement follows the rotation of solar motion, therefore there is necessarily a peristaltic or vermicular motion in^ i parted to the metallic plates or laminae.
The alternate action of the actinic radiations of cak • ine and cruosine produces discular vacui between the plates, which are filled with mercurial amalgam. These act as reflectors, throwing back into the heavens the forms of the disci against the atmospheres, so that in looking toward the heavens we behold these disci through the operation of the
28 THE CKU,UI«AR COSMOGONY.
laws of reflection, and are thus enabled to comprehend how the Lord "spreadeth out the heavens * * * as a molten looking-glass. ' '
Why is it Necessary to Know the Form of the Universe ?
A knowledge of the structural form and function of the alchemico-organic (physical) kosmos, is the key to our knowledge of the principles which must govern the organi- zation of society in the culminating kingdom of righteous- ness. The importance of a knowledge of universal form and function, as pertaining to the alchemico-organic kosmos, will be admitted when the mind is sufficiently amplified to comprehend the relationship of the alchemico-organic mac- rocosm to the organo- vital macrocosm (the Grand Man), as pertaining to and comprising the universal mass of human existence.
The individual (undivided) man (such a man was the Lord) is the archetype of creation. What he was in the least form, the alchemico-organic world is in its greatest form; and what he was in that form, so also is the final Theocratic kingdom in the earth, namely, in the form and function of the man. Therefore, we discover that the true interpretation of the alchemico-organic kosmos is the reve- lation of the mysteries of Deity; for as the outward and most material structure is but the expressed thought of the voluntary and involuntary mental cause producing it, so a knowledge of this expressed and manifest language reveals the history of human origin and destiny.
Optical Factors and Illusions.
Positive Proofs of Koreshan Cosmogony Contrasted with the Assump- tions of the Old School,
TT IS ASSUMED by those who profess to believe in and advocate the Copernican system of astronomy, that the earth is convex because it appears so from optical observa- tion. A person standing upon a tower and looking out in every direction will see the vanishing point at an equal dis- tance, and the horizon (the limit of geolinear vision) de- scribes a circle around this center of observation. This fact in appearance is taken as an assumption of the earth's con- vexity, because it is claimed that nothing but a globe would thus respond to and impress itself upon the organs of vis- ion. We maintain that an assumption predicated upon an optical illusion, is not sufficient ground for the establish- ment of a rational conviction. If the earth were a perfectly flat surface extended inimitably, an observation from a tower looking out in every direction would assume, to the eye, the appearance of a circular horizon, for the simple reason that geolinear foreshortening would provide for a vanishing point at a given distance from the observer, pro- portionate to the elevation of the point from which the observation is taken.
If a person will stand upon a railroad track equidistant between two rails, the rails will seem to approach each other in the distance, the apparent contact, or vanishing point, being proportioned to the space between the rails and the height of observation. If they are five feet apart, the vanishing point is less than if they were six or seven
30
Â¥Htf C&LUtAtt COSMOGONV.
feet apart. Suppose we take a geolinear extense on the surface of the earth as one rail, and an imaginary line through the air as the other, placing the eye two and one half feet from the earth's surface. Now, the same law obtains in looking parallel along this surface, as in looking parallel to the rail and along its side. Making our observa- tion by the side of the rail, the vanishing point is reached and the rail disappears, although extended in a straight
The Illusions of Perspective.
line far beyond the vanishing point. The line over which observation is taken along the surface of the earth is the geolinear extense; it corresponds to the rail, and disappears by the same law; namely, that of foreshortening.
The Vanishing Ship's Hull.
The phenomenon of the disappearance of a ship, hull first, as it recedes from view, is caused by the same law of
OPTICAL FACTORS AND ILLUSIONS. 3 1
foreshortening as that which governs the disappearance of the rail, or causes the two rails to appear to approach each other. If we should make calculations on the basis of the appearance instead of on the basis of the/act that the rails do not approach but only seem to, we necessarily draw false conclusions. This is precisely what the astronomers do. They conclude from appearances rather than from facts. A balloon six or seven miles distant, appearing about the size of a pin head, if it be sixty feet in diameter, occupies as much space in the distance as when near the subjective point of observation. The law by which the balloon appears to diminish in size as it recedes from view, is the same as that which produces geolinear forshortening, or which makes the surface of the earth diminish longitudinally as extending from the point of observation. This phenom- enon belongs to the organ of vision, and cannot be compre- hended only as we possess a correct knowledge of the laws and phenomena of optics. Owing to this fact, the student cannot comprehend the principles involved in the phenom- ena of optical appearances and illusion, without a thorough comprehension of the principles and laws of optics.
In another part of this volume, the reader will-find a complete record of the mechanical apparatus and processes by which we have so absolutely demonstrated the concavity of the earth as to overshadow the fallacious conclusions of the mountebanks, — Copernicus, et al, and their deluded fol- lowers. We place a brief study of optics before the reader, merely to show wherein the fallacious conclusions of mod- ern, so called science, while conflicting with the discovered and projected truth, are drawn not from facts but from appearances.
32 THE CELLULAR COSMOGONY.
The Laws of Visual Impression.
It might appear, as we proclaim the fact that a thor- ough knowledge of the Koreshan Cosmogony demands a thorough knowledge of optics, that it is our purpose to set forth a complete optical treatise preparatory to an under- standing of the Koreshan Cosmogony. A thorough knowl- edge of Koreshanity must necessarily be a question of growth. A slight knowledge of the laws of optics will enable the student to see the discrepancies of modern astron- omy, as predicated upon a misinterpretation of appearances. What we behold through the organs of vision, depends entirely upon the imprint of objectivities upon the retina of the eye. What we see, is merely a picture placed upon the lining coat of the eyeball, and thence carried through the optic nerve, optic commissure, and optic tract, to that corti- cal area upon which the final function of vision depends.
We subjoin a diagram setting forth some of the correla- ted facts of vision. The reader's attention is again called to the explicit study of the effects of subjective impression, or the imprint or picturing of the objective world upon the retinal coat. See retinal coat in Diagram i, Plate i, with the area bb as the film upon which the imprint is laid. The picture upon the retina includes whatsoever is em- braced in theobtense between the two lines i, 2, 3, 4; aa is the optical axis, d is the point of the appearance of the ship when the hull vanishes, as it recedes from view, as ob- served from the subjective x. The dotted lines indicate the appearance of the actual lines 1, 2, 3, 4, while d is the apparent position of the ship observed from x (the sub- jective point), and c, the ship as it actually is, viewed from its location in fact, not in appearance as at d. The per-
OPTICAL FACTORS AND ILLUSIONS. 33
pendicular space i , i , implants the picture fh\ the space 2, 2, implants the picture eg. It will be noticed that the picture imprinted from 2, 2, at eg, is shorter than the one imprinted from i, i, at fh, proportionately as the distance from i, i, to 2, 2, in the objective. It follows that if a picture is imprinted from 3, 3, at bb, the ratio of short- ening at bb will correspond to the imprints 1, 1 and 2, 2. If lines were drawn from the points 4, 4 to the film bb, through the focus at B, the subtense of the angle from 4, 4 to B would be so acute as to obliterate the space at the center of the film bb. The point of obliteration at the film or retina, bb, corresponds to the vanishing point in the objective at d. At d the hull of the ship disappears, be- cause there is no longer room for the picture upon the retina.
The lower line 1, 2, 3, 4 is the geolinear extense; the line upon the ground appearing at d, the vanishing point and the horizon. The upper line may represent a cloud covering the sky. The two points 4, 4, appear to join at d because of the distal foreshortening, which it must be remembered is merely the result of changes upon the retina, effected by distance. Any object beyond the ship c, as seen at d, will settle out of sight on the geolinear surface, pro- portionately to its distance beyond 4, 4. By comparing the spaces ww with the spaces yy, it can readily be seen how . the area of a given space appears to shorten, and narrows itself upon the retinal coat. Now if we remove the upper line 1, 2, 3, 4 and open up the space above, an object at P may imprint itself upon the retina; but an object at Q could not be seen because it is below the ground surface, which, though it might extend a thousand miles in a straight line, can make no further imprint upon the retina because the
34 ?HE CELLULAR COSMOGONY.
space between the lower line 4 and d is the obliterated space, as effecting the retinal film.
We have presented some optical facts upon which depend the appearances upon which rest the fallacies of the Copernican system; facts, a want of the understanding of which places the so called scientists in the catalogue of the incompetents, which graces the contradictory systems of astronomy that arise spontaneously, subserve their purpose, and die the death of the fallacious in the various careers of mtental transformation, as the human mind gropes its way inWrkness.
Koreshan Geodetic Service.
Outline of Principles of Accurate Measurement of the Earth's Contour.
/jEODESY is the application of mechanical and other means for the purpose of determining measurements of the earth* s surface, including not only that of its general contour as to whether it is concave, flat, or convex, but also of demonstrating the amount of curvation at any given point and in any given direction.
The Copernican system of astronomy assumes that the earth's surface is convex, and upon this assumption the fallacious system has been fabricated. No astronomer has ever yet presented any proof of the Copernican system; and one of the persistent efforts of the modern physicist is to find some irrefragable proof of what every so called astronomical scientist knows to be merely an assumption.
KORESHAN GEODETIC SERVICE. 35
The Koreshan System of astronomy is in direct opposi- tion to the Copernican system, and unlike the Copernican system it is founded, not upon an assumption, but rather upon a premise so absolutely within the sphere of mechan- ical demonstration as to place it beyond and out of the uncertainty of mere postulation, which we assert to be the basis of so called, modern science.
Horizontal Rectilineation.
Heretofore, the common method of attempting the determination of a straight horizontal line has been by the use of the engineer's level. There are a number of optical factors not taken into consideration by the geodetic surveyor and civil engineer, which render it impossible to extend a horizontal rectiline by the aid of optical instruments. The engineer's level is an instrument used by the surveyor, and includes a level and small telescope usually placed on the top of a tripod. This is more especially employed for the measurement of angles.
It is a fact not generally known, that it is impossible to determine a horizontal rectiline with a leveling instrument, or by the unaided eye, along the apex of successive heights of a given elevation, or along a continuously extended surface. The scientific reason for this impossibility resides in the fact that in the determination of a horizontal or lateral rec- tiline, an impression made upon the retina of the eye by a picture from one side of a visual direction must be counter- balanced by an equal picture on the opposite side, and the geodetic engineer, not being acquainted with this law of obtension in optics, extends a curved line while he believes he is continuing a rectiline.
Two men of different heights cannot, while adjusting
36 THE CBUXTLAR COSMOGONY.
the tripod to accommodate the difference, extend a line of the same curvation. A civil engineer six feet tall — adjusting his tripod to conform to his height — will make a curved line, by the aid of his instrument, upward of a given curvation, while the man five feet six inches tall, adjusting his tripod to suit his height, will determine the curvation of a lesser curve proportionally to the difference in height of the adjustment. The scientific cause for this discrepancy resides in the optical illusion referred to above, namely, that on one side of the visual line there are two factors entering into the formation of a picture on the retina, as follows: The perpendicular post producing the effect of retinal impression, is shortened or elongated proportionably to the distance of the object in perspective; and in addition to this, the geolinear foreshortening (the line along the earth's surface) induces a corresponding effect upon the retinal membrane. We confront, then, two kinds of fore- shortening— the one geolinear, the other perpendicular — in all geodetic observations; and an optical phenomenon which should be attributed to the principle of perspective fore- shortening is ignorantly attributed to curvation.
To obviate the introduction of optical science and the necessity for the explanation of optical illusions and intri- cate phenomena incomprehensible to the ordinary mind, we have instituted a simple mechanical device by which a recti- line can be determined. (See cut No. 2, Plate 1.)
Perpendicular standards are placed at points where there is a quiet expanse of water large enough in area to extend a line six, seven, or more miles. Across these perpendicular standards the horizontal bar of the Recti- lineator is adjusted. From this first adjustment the recti- line is extended in both directions, until the line meets the
KORESHAN GEODETIC SERVICE. 37
water at a distance proportionate to the height of the per- pendicular standard. By this operation we extend a chord from the top of the uprights, at right angles to two point? at the surface of the water, as in cut No. 4, Plate 1 . The relation of the straight line to arc determines the concavity of the earth as its true contour.
In diagram No. 3, Plate 1, we have an illustration of the optical effect of an observation made with a leveling in- strument, which does not differ in principle from a corre- sponding observation made with the unaided eye. The straight surface over which the line of observation extends, is represented by AAA; bbb is the visual direction deviating in a gradual curve away from the straight line AAA. The mind is unconscious of this curvation of vision, hence the curved line appears to be straight, as in the dotted line ccc, while the straight line AAA appears to rise gradually as the line ddd. The point 1 in the line of vision, appears to be at the point 2. The vanishing point is where the extremity of the visual line at 1 seems to meet the line AAA, represented by the line ddd. Beyond this point, the straight line AAA, appearing as the line ddd, seems to convex away from the apparent line ddd. This optical phenomenon, which is an illusion, is taken as a demonstration of the convexity of the earth, and made the basis of the illusory system of Copernican astronomy.
In the observation illustrated by diagram No. 3, Plate 1, we prove that a straight surface curves away from the line of vision, by the identical argument employed to prove the convexity of the earth. We can prove that a straight line bends four different ways, by the same argument used to sustain the convex theory of the earth.
38 THE CELLULAR COSMOGONY.
Geodetic Survey Revolutionized.
Revolution in astronomy implies revolution in all things. The great Swedish Seer said: * 'Every dispensation proceeds as from an egg." We reiterate, that a scientific religion which must embrace scientific social organization, will proceed from an astronomical basis, the foundation of which is the Cellular Cosmogony. Life develops in the cell. The next * critical work for the Koreshan Unity, is the demonstration to the world of the concavity of the sur- face of the earth. When the world is forced to accept this proposition, all else follows readily.
In connection with the establishment of the fact, in the public mind, of the concavity of the surface of the earth, and next also in importance, is the determination of the amplitude of the arc or the radius of its curvature. This cannot be determined accurately by any process of surface triangulation, because there are too many factors entering into the process to insure accuracy.
The Rectilineator, extending its line from any given height of a prime vertical, approaches the normal curve of the surface at a proportionate ratio, which may be deter- mined at any given point by two exact methods, — each act- ing as the verificator of the other. Place a perpendicular at the requisite height, about six feet, more or less, and place the initial section of the rectilineal bar, adjusted at right angles. The points selected should be as nearly level as possible. After the extension of the line three or four miles, even less than this will answer, adjust the geodetic level. This is an instrument having two graduated glass
* Written and published in The Flaming Sword, Nov., 1896, before the beginning of the Florida Geodetic Survey, in 1897.
KORESHAN GEODETIC SERVICE. 39
perpendiculars very minutely spaced, with microscopes adjusted to the graduated side of the glass tubes. These two perpendicular graduates are united by a connecting tube twelve or fourteen feet long. (The tube and gradu- ates contain mercury. )
The amount of variation of the mercury in the gradu- ates, with the connecting tube arranged parallel with the rectiline of the section bars at any point, will indicate the degree of curvature. The instrument must be perfect; this accomplished, the determination of the radius of curvation is most simple. This instrument may be verified by the use of another imstrument adjusted to the section bars with a perpendicular rod, to which is adjusted a very slender plumb-line. Across the bottom of the rod, which has a flat surface, is a minutely divided scale, to which is also adjusted the microscope. The scale has a definite num- ber of divisions to the inch. This will determine the amount of variation from the prime vertical; namely, the first perpendicular. The deviation from the normal will increase either from the prime vertical, as the line extends, or toward it, according to the direction of curvation.
This method of mensuration determines both the direc- tion of the curve and the radius of curvature. Any por- tion of the surface of the earth can be a thousand-fold more accurately surveyed by this method, than by any process ever yet instituted. We know that the result will compel the world to acknowledge the Koreshau System of Cosmogony.
Part II.
The New Geodesy.
The Question of the Earth's Shape Pivoted Upon a Specific Proposition.
BY PROF. U. O. MORROW.
First, the astronomer has to determine the figure of the earth on which he lives and from which his observations are made. — Proctor.
No accurate measurements can be obtained of the distance and magnitude of the heavenly bodies, nor any exact determination of their movements, without a true knowledge of the exact figure of the earth ; and hence is derived a powerful motive for ascertaining this element with all possible precision. — Olmstead.
IN THE promulgation of the Koreshan System of Astron- omy, the discussion of the figure of the earth is revived ; in fact, the solution of the problem of the earth's shape constitutes the foundation of the Cellular Cosmogony. It is obvious that in the construction of the true system of astronomy, there should first be ascertained what are the fundamental principles of the relation of the earth to the orbs and stars above us ; some well-established bnsic fact directly related to the configuration of the earth's surface, must be taken as a premise. Once such a premise is demonstrated mathematically, geometrically, and mechan- ically, and the figure of the earth determined, a scientific foundation is laid for a system of the true relations of uni- versal fact and phenomena. In this, the methods pursued in Koreshan Science, and the conclusions reached there- from are revolutionary.
* MEW GEODESY. 41
It is well known to thdse familiar with the history of astronomy, that the present popular system was not devel- oped from a series of demonstrated premises. The conclu- sion that the earth is a convex body, was reached through the illusion of the sense of vision ; the heavens were con- ceived to be a concave, star-strewn sphere because they appear to be so, to which every part of the earth was exposed ; and the question seemed to be settled when the earth was circumnavigated. But there were no direct dem- onstrations of the earth's shape, nor definite calculations of the extent of its surface. Attempts at geodetic surveys were few and wholly inadequate to determine the form and dimension of the earth; measurements of meridian arcs were not made with the view to ascertaining the true configu- ration of the earth's surface, but for geographical purposes, and were attempted upon the assumed premise — the precon- ceived idea that the surface upon which we live is convex. Centuries elapsed between the time of the conception of the idea of the convexity of the earth and any endeavor to prove it so ; and it was not until the present century that any endeavor was made to demonstrate the mobility of the earth.
A False Premise Leads to Absurd Conclusions.
From the time of its inception, the theory of the earth's convexity has directed the course of scientific investigation, rather than to have been supported by specific demonstra- tion. It has been the origin of fallacious theories of light, heat, and motion; of erroneous conceptions of the laws of physics, optics, and natural philosophy, and has led to a false foundation for modern geodetic operations and survey. All the scientific instruments of today employed in astro-
42 TH£ cellular cosmogony.
nomical and geodetic research, are constructed to conform to the earth's assumed convexity, and to the idea conceived centuries ago, that a ray of light is rectilinear and vision virtually illimitable. These instruments, the methods of use of which are the result of a false premise, are now employed in the endeavor to verify and prove the premise upon which their construction has depended!
Being evolved from hypotheses, the popular system can only assume its probability, and must acknowledge its uncertainty. It would be foolish in the development of a new system of science, to employ the methods which we now see have resulted in a scientific jargon. In presenting to the world the Koreshan System of Astronomy, we are not in ignorance of the conditions which we confront; we are familiar with all the phenomena that are claimed to be cor- roborative of the prevailing theory; and it is only by reason of the discovery of those facts, principles, and laws which demonstrate the true form of the earth, and which lead to a correct interpretation of what we see, that the Koreshan Scientist is warranted in the endeavor to revolutionize the scientific world.
We might quibble for a century about the relative merits of the Koreshan and Copernican systems of astronomy, without reaping any practical benefits or reaching a common ground of agreement; for between the two systems there is no harmony. The question must be settled by actual tests and experiments; and such tests must be simple, absolute, and devoid of complications; they must not embrace princi- ples that are subject to dispute. It is only when such dem- onstrations are made and such tests applied, that a premise of conclusion can be found which will be in harmony with all other facts ascertained by equally rigorous methods.
NEW CgODESV. 43.
The Fairness of Our Propositions.
We believe we are placing ourselves in an attitude of fairness — as fairly as we know how to be. Our only object in the promulgation of the Koreshan System of Science and Cult, is to have others share in the appreciation and bene- fits of such principles, facts, and laws as have been discov- ered by the illustrious Founder of the Koreshan System, in advance of others who are spending their lives in the endeavor to develop the great field of science.
Above all others, those who have come to realize the existence of difficulties and problems unsolved in the popu- lar systems, should be the ones most desirous to have them solved; but we are candid when we say that we believe that continuing along the usual lines of research will not lead to a solution of the great questions before us. We therefore offer to the world a new method of determination of the contour of the earth. If we are right, we can solve the difficulties which now confront the scientific world; if we are wrong, then we must leave the problems as we first found them — still unsolved.
It is the object of our efforts at present to invite the attention of the scientific men of the world — astronomers, mathematicians, surveyors, and engineers, to the Cosmo- gonical System of Koreshan Science — not merely to the study of the system from our presentation, but from actual test of its premises; for to the usual scientific mind, our astronomical system, though a marvel of completeness, ha$ the appearance of absurdity, because it occupies the position of antithesis to all modern concepts.
The first objection usually urged against the Cellular Cosfnogony, is the apparent absurdity of endeavoring to
44 *H£ CfcLttJLAfc COSM66ONV.
place all the "heavenly bodies' ' within the compass of a hollow sphere 8,000 miles in diameter. Our premises should not be judged by conceptions founded upon other and unproven premises, but by scientific tests of the prem- ises themselves. If our premises be- true and the earth is concave, the logical mind must admit that all perpendicu- lars would converge to one center, and that the distance and magnitude of the sun, moon, and stars would have to be calculated from the concave basis.
We are familiar with the difficulties encountered in ordinary survey and engineering; even Government survey and geodetic operations are not without inaccuracies; many things conspire to render the measurement of meridian arcs extremely difficult. The variations of the compass, refrac- tion and incurvation of light and vision modify results of survey; and, moreover, the principles and laws of perspec- tive not taken into account in field work, — nor in any of the propositions* and experiments whereby the size of the earth is thought to be indicated, the laws of which the physicists have not as yet clearly defined,* — are factors which, if applied, would lead to different conclusions from those arrived at from the usual methods of. procedure. It is because of this that we insist upon the employment of newly-discovered means of applying simple and absolute tests of the contour of the earth's surface.
Is the True Level, Extended as an Air-Line, Tangent or Convergent to the Water's Surface?
It is obvious that if the earth were couvex, a horizon- tal line, representing the true level at any given point on the water's surface at right angles to the perpendicular, extended as an air-line, could never come in contact with
The Sloop Ada.
In service of the Koreshan Geodetic Expedition on the Gull
of Mexico.
Etching No. X.
NEW GEODESY. 45
the suface, but would be tangent to it. This is self-evident. The relations of the perpendicular, the arc, and the tan- gent are shown in the accompanying diagram. Let XY represent the arc of convexity 10 miles in length. A, a perpendicular, the vertical point of which is 6 feet from the surface; BC, a horizontal straight-edge 15 feet in length, and D, the extension of the horizontal line BC. It is clear that the distance from the extended horizontal to the water's surface would increase continually at the rate of 8 inches per mile, or the square of the distance in miles multi- plied by 8 inches. EF is a line connecting the tangent and the water at a distance of 3 miles, while PQ is a parallel
tangent beginning at the apex of the arc. In 3 miles the declination of the water's surface from PQ is 72 inches, or 6 feet; therefore, the length of the line EF is the amount of the declination, plus the distance from BD to PQ, which equals 12 feet. If the air-line be extended in the opposite direction the result is the same.
If the earth curvates concavely at the rate of 8 inches per mile, it is evident that the air-line would be convergent to the water, as represented in the diagram on the follow- ing page. I^et XY represent the concave arc 10 miles in length. A, a perpendicular support, the top of which is 6 feet above the water; BC, a horizontal straight-edge 15 feet in length, and D, the extension of the horizontal line BC.
46 THE CELLULAR COSMOGONY.
E represents the point where the extended air-line comes in contact with the water's surface. The distance along the line of the surface, from the upright support to the con- tact point, is about 3 miles. The cosine of the air-line completes the chord, the extremities of which converge to the water equidistant from the perpendicular, being oblique to the horizontals at points of contact.
Every surveyor and engineer will admit that the above is a fair statement of the relations that would exist between the perpendicular, the air-line, and the curvating surface, if the earth were convex; the principles and laws of hydrostatics would make it inevitable. Indeed, all
standard works on surveying and leveling insist that such
would be the necessary consequences, as the following from
the Encyclopaedia Britannica:
A line drawn at right angles, crossing the plumb-line (or verti- cal), and touching the earth's surface, is a true level only in that particular spot ; but if the line which crosses the plumb be continued for any considerable length, it will rise above the surface, and the apparent level will be above the true one.
It is equally true that if the earth is concave, the exten- sion of the true level at any point on the water's surface, as an absolute air-line, would inevitably and invariably ter- minate as a line converging with the water's surface; and hence if such a line be extended, and it should converge to the surface of the water, it would be an absolute demon-
MODERN GEODETIC OPERATIONS. 47
stration of the earth's concavity. This, plainly stated, is the premise of the Koreshan System — it is the premise upon which it will stand against all opposition!
If the scientific men today are as willing to test the truth of our propositions as we are to meet them in demon- stration of our premise, no difficulty whatever will be experi- enced in speedily settling the question. We hereby extend to them the opportunity of demonstrating the earth's convexity and to destroy our premises, or to establish the basis of the Koreshan Cosmogony and thus overthrow all the conclusions of modern science. In this we are not clamoring for dispute, but inviting an impartial test of the facts.
There is not another issue before the world today, in which the principles can be so specifically stated, focalized, and pivoted upon one point of test, nor so susceptible of absolute decision, as this one concerning the concavity of the earth; because the contour of the water's surface cannot be changed, and no method of solving the question is so obviously certain as the one formulated in the Koreshan System, and now proposed to the world.
Modern Geodetic Operations.
The evidence that the earth is round (convex) is but cumulative and circumstantial; scores of phenomena ask separately and inde- pendently, What other explanation can be imagined except the sphe- ricity (convexity) of the earth? — Prof. De Morgan, Secretary English Royal Astronomical Society.
THAT the earth is convex, there has never been any direct and positive evidence offered; the most eminent astrono- mers are unable to place the matter within the range of cer- tainty. It seems that they should have settled this question long ago, but the direct demonstrations have not been forth-
48 THE CEIXULAR COSMOGONY.
coming; many things pertaining to the science of geodesy are baffling the skill of the modern scientific mind. Some missing link needs to be supplied; some absolute fact needs to be introduced into the field of geodetic operations before the problem is actually, practically, and absolutely solved. We maintain that the scientific world today has not put forth a single effort, or at least has not succeeded in making any satisfactory demonstration of the earth's true form. The Koreshan System alone has been able to reduce the question of the earth' s shape to a specific and pivotal demon- stration. Involving the true principles of universal form, it is able to utilize every known fact of cosmic phenomena as corroborative of the earth \s concavity. It rejects no truth; endeavors to set aside no well-established and demonstrated fact, and does not fear the most crucial tests of its premise.
The Usual Facts and Phenomena Used in Modern Astronomy Prove the Rotundity, But Not the Convexity of the Earth.
It has been the effort of the men engaged in the scien- tific field for the past century, to reduce the "cumulative and circumstantial evidence0 of the earth's convexity to some systematic arrangement, rather than to ascertain defi- nitely and exactly the contour of the earth. The popular system was developed gradually, but, Proctor says, "not in any systematic or orderly sequence." The disorderly develop- ment of the system has necessarily resulted in the perversion of the true principles, and consequently the hypotheses and conclusions held forth in the modern scientific world are the exact reverse of the true system. For this reason all of the usual facts presented in favor of the earth's rotundity really do not prove that we live on its exterior surface, but indicate,
MO&KRtf 6EODK/TIC OPgRAtfiONS. 49
when considered for wh,at they are really worth to the popu- lar system, nothing but the fact that the earth is round. After that conclusion is reached, there remains the charac- ter of that rotundity to be considered, and the direction of such curvature to be definitely ascertained. The Koreshan System of Cosmogony finds a true place for all the facts and arguments pointing to the earth's sphericity, applying the same to the concavity instead of the convexity of the earth. The fact that the earth is proved to be a sphere by "cumulative and circumstantial evidence/ ' does not involve the assumption that we live on the outside of that sphere. The size of the earth computed from spherical angles ancr meridian arcs would be the same if considered from the standpoint of the earth's concavity; the evidences of spher- ical excess find their true application in the hollow globe, and the spherical triangles in geodetic operations fulfil their geometric functions in the concave sphere.
In the field of geodetic operations, the assumption that the earth is convex leads to a misapplication of the facts and figures involved. The most accurate work in the line of survey is made with the view to ascertaining, not whether the earth is convex or concave, but whether the polar diame- ter is greater or less than the equatorial; geodesists endeavor to ascertain, not the direction of the curve of meridian arcs, but the ratio of their curvature from stellar altitudes and measurements of arcs, with the view to finding whether the earth is an oblate or a prolate spheroid.
We are not attempting to ignore the facts and measure- ments obtained in this line of field work and coast survey, by painstaking men with accurate instruments; but endeav- oring to have them substitute in the stead of assumption, a basis of absolute facts; so that instead of first measuring
50 ¥H£ CEtttttAR CoSMdCk>NV.
meridian arcs and deducing a ratio of curvation, they would first ascertain the direction of such curvature, and then pro- ceed with the work of determining whether or not the exten- sion of that curvature constitutes a circle or an ellipsoid; they would then be able to determine whether the earth is flattened or extended at the poles.
Horizontal Tangents From the Standpoint of the Surveyor.
In all work of survey and geodetic operations (save in geodetic measurements with compensation rods) , visual lines are employed; and from the assumption that visual lines are straight (modified only by refraction), they invariably con- clude that the earth curvates downward from the tangent visual line. We insist that it would be the wiser plan to first determine absolutely which way the earth curves, and from that tangible basis, determine the course or direction of the line of vision. The earth' s surf ace is tangible \ and can be tested; the lines of vision are intangible, and the direction and ratio of their curvation cannot be determined without an absolute demonstration of the earth* s contour, from which the visual lines are divergent and tangent.
The geodetic surveyor levels his instrument, and reads a point on the signal staff at a distance of three miles; this point has an altitude in excess of the altitude of the cross- hair; he therefore concludes that the line of sight is straight, and that the surface of the earth curvates downward from the visual line. If he knew absolutely that the visual line approximated a straight line, then it would be conclusive that the earth curvates downward from the tangent; but a critical analysis of this fact only proves that a divergency exists between the visual line and the surface of the earth
MOf)^RM 6EOi>ETie OP^RAflONg. $f
or water. If the earth were known to be convex, we could safely conclude that the apparent tangent was straight or nearly so; but we should never use the assumption that the visual line is rectilinear as proof of the theory of convexity of the earth.
We endeavor to represent this in the accompanying dia- gram. Let XY represent the water's surface; T, the engi- neer's level, and A, the signal staff, at a distance of three miles, and P the point read on the staff over the cross-hair of the instrument. Now the excess of the altitude of P over T amounts, not to 8 inches, but only 5 inches to the mile; therefore, to make up for the calculated convexity,
refraction, amounting to about 3 inches per mile must be allowed. For this reason we have represented the visual line TNP, in the diagram, as curved slightly downward, while the line Tnp would be, not the direction of the line of vision, but the direction of the supposed horizontal tangent running as a right line from T, in the direction in which P would appear to be, ending at p. From the above, the size of the earth is thought to be indicated. Two assumptions are factors in the usual calculation of the earth's size; first, that the visual rays are straight, and second, that the earth is convex; so that the integral calculus gives a quantity which is really, when all the facts are considered, applicable to the interior instead of the exterior surface of the sphere.
&
tfHEi CKUJJtAR C0SM666MV.
The one fact manifest in such observations is, that the lines of vision and the water's surface are divergent to the extent of five inches per mile; it does not indicate the direc- tion of vision as right lines, nor does it prove the theory of convexity.
Horizontal Tangents in the Concave Earth.
Assumption should never have any weight against a fact; facts are the scales in which assumptions and hypoth- eses are weighed and often found wanting. If we had no
absolute proof of the concavity of the water's surface, we would be pitting one assumption against another in our endeavor to establish a new system of Cosmogony. Let the intangible visual lines be made to conform to the earth's real contour, within the known ratio of divergence.
When this is done, we have that which is represented in the above diagram. XY represents the water's surface; T, the geodetic leveling instrument; A, signal staff, and P, the point read over the cross-hair. The critical mind will be able to see that if the earth is concave, the fact of the divergence of the visual lines from the earth would positively indicate the curvation of the visual lines y not slightly down- ward from a horizontal, but the curvation upward more
fo6f>BRtf GEODESIC 05?BftATIONS\ $3
rapidly than the ratio of the earth's curvature; and the differ- ence of direction of the curvating visual lines and the curvi- linear surface of the water being 5 inches per mile, would place the ratio of the curvilineating visual lines that much in excess of the earth's curvation concavely, from which it is conclusive that the visual lines curvate upward at a ratio of about 13 inches per mile, not from the earth's surface, but from an external tangent be at right angles to the perpen- dicular at T. The lines of vision so curvating, by virtue of the principles of curvilineation and of perspective foreshort- ening, the point P read on the signal staff, would appear to be in the direction of Tnp, a line parallel with the external tangent be, and the water's surface would appear to be below the point read to the extent of the altitude of the engineer's level, plus the amount of divergence; in other words, the point P on the staff, would be seen at p> appear- ing to be as far below its true position as the visual line is curved vertically. The visual line is the " horizontal tan- gent" in the concave earth.
Appearances the Basis of Usual Geodetic Calculations.
In this way, certain observed phenomena seem to indi- cate that the earth is convex. In survey, lines and angles are taken into consideration and conclusions reached there- from, the main factors in the conclusions being something assumed and not demonstrated; and thus a number of things are placed in the category of "proofs" that the earth is convex, and the whole considered as "cumulative and circumstantial." What other explanation can b» imagined except the convexity ? The explanation does not need to be imagined* but demonstrated. In the usual cal- culations of the size of the earth, where visual lines and
54 'THE C^LtDLAfe £OSMOG6tfV.
angles are factors in the calculation, an assumed quantity enters into the problem and produces erroneous deduc- tions; the missing link is needed to bridge over the diffi- culty. It has not occurred to the leaders of scientific thought — they have not even imagined — that practically the same results as to calculation of the earth's size would be obtained if considered from the standpoint of the earth's concavity. The difference between the usual and the Koreshan Geodesy is, that the Koreshan System supplies
a specific premise of geodetic measurements, the conclu- sions from which must be absolute; and when the specific premise is restored, the principles of the true geometry will be found in the cosmic form.
If we take for instance, the usual method of calculating the earth's magnitude, and analyze its chief points, essential factors will be found to be entirely overlooked and fallacious ones substituted, the deception being not in the magnitude, but in the direction of curvature and the character of the surface on which we live. The instance is that of the height of a mountain (Fig. i, in the above diagram), and the distance at which its top is visible at sea over the
|
AB» |
AB» |
|
|
AC : AB : |
: AB : AD = |
•. CD= |
|
AC |
AC |
M6f)SRtf GgODBtf IC OPBftATttOtfg. 55
horizon, which is supposed to furnish not only a basis of computation of the magnitude of the earth, but also a proof of convexity.
Let DBC be the circumference of the earth; A, the top of the mountain; B, the farthest point on the circle from which the mountain may be seen. Then, AB is tangent to the circle at B; AB is the secant, and AC the external seg- ment. Therefore, Geom. 333,
•AC
From this it is determined that if the mountain be 2 miles in height, and is seen at a distance of 126 miles, the value of CD, expressed mathematically, would be 7,936 miles.
The diagram may be studied further with profit, with some principles in mind — those of perspective foreshortening and visual curvilineation. Does it not seem that in the acceptance of this appearance as indicative of the shape of the earth, that the direction of the earth's curvature and the ratio of foreshortening and visual curvilineation should be considered as essential factors in the solution of the problem? Suppose that these factors compensate for the calculated convexity, the computation of the earth's mag- nitude would be practically the same, if taken upon the basis of the concavity. We maintain that the above cal- culation does not indicate that the earth is convex. Definite knowledge of which way the earth curves must be made the prime factor in all such calculations; the concavity of the earth furnishes a basis for absolute calculation.
For comparison, we present Fig. 2 in the same cut, showing that if the earth be acknowledged to be concave, the geometrical relations would be changed but little from
56 THE CELLUtAR £oSM0£6tfY.
those in Fig. i, and the results of the calculation are practically the same. B is the point of observation, and BA the curvilineating visual line diverging from the surface XY. The top of the mountain would appear to be seen at a, as far below its real place as the visual line has curvated in the vertical direction; and the earth would appear to follow the direction of the dotted segment or arc of circle beneath.
The Cross-Hair and the Vanishing Point.
There can be no direct visual line from the engineer's level to distant objects, for the reason that the "line" extending from the eye to the vanishing point of an object, must embrace a dimension at the vanishing point, equal to the diameter of the object vanished. Suppose a balloon
ioo feet in diameter recedes horizontally into space, to almost its vanishing point; it would be a mere speck in the sky. Let BC, in the above diagram, represent the diameter of the balloon, and D the speck or vanishing point. Adjust the engineer's level T, so that the cross-hair will just cover the point. To what part of the balloon is the visual axis of the instrument pointing ?
Suppose that there could be extended from A to the balloon, a thread so that its apparent diameter shall be the same throughout the distance; its diameter would have to increase in proportion to the distance, until at the place
MODERN GEODETIC OPERATIONS. 57
where the balloon appears to be a point, the thread would be ioo feet in diameter; which diameter is represented by be. At b, place an electric light; now direct the instrument to the point of light; the space between b and e appears con- tracted to a point, and consequently the point of light would appear to be at d.
Ignoring the important factor of perspective, and as- suming, as does the surveyor, that the visual line is a direct line, measure the distance from b to d; it is 50 feet, and the light appears to be at d. Shall we then conclude that d is 50 feet below where the light appears to be ? Shall we conclude that the longitudinal axis of the thread cur- vates downward from the visual line extending to b ?
Remove the thread, and the "visual line* ' at the vanish- ing point of 100 feet embraces the dimension of 100 feet; but it appears to be contracted to a point. Let efg be a hill 60 feet in height, 50 feet of which are within that space contracted to a hair-line; 10 feet of it would still be visible, but the space below that is vanished, and the top of the mountain would be seen at n\ shall we then conclude that the base of the hill is at op, and that the surface on which it rests has curvated downward from the line Ad} This is precisely the argument used by the surveyor to prove that the earth is convex, curvating away from the " visual line!"
Modern Science has been Unable to Discover and Apply the ileans of Demonstration of the Earth's Shape.
From the above consideration, it will be seen that the "proofs' ' usually offered in favor of the earth's rotundity do not reach the point of absolute evidence; they do not demonstrate absolutely whether they are applicable to the exterior or to the interior surface of an earth, 8,000 miles
58 THE CELLULAR COSMOGONY.
in diameter. It seems strange that the modern, so called scientists should have so long failed to find some means of ascertaining absolutely, the earth's true form; it seems never to have occurred to them that the absolute test is to , be found in the extension, as a direct or air-line, of the horizontal from the vertical point of a given perpendicular, instead of the visual line, subject to curvilineation. The latter has played havoc with modern scientific investiga- tion and geodetic survey; the former is absolute, and would long ago have decided the great issue had it been applied by them. Why has not the ingenuity of the nineteenth century devised some means to test the surface of the water in equilibration, by other means than the visual lines? Something has conspired to prevent them, and for this reason they have not been able to do so.
The fact that in the Koreshan System, not only are the principles of such a demonstration discovered, — not only is the entire question reduced to a specific proposition and to a pivotal point and fact of demonstration, but also the invention of a scientific apparatus to enable us to make such absolute demonstration, is evidence that something has conspired to render us able to do that which the boasted scientific world has not done, and has not been able to do. It evinces the fact that Koresh, the Founder of the marvel- ous System of Koreshanity, is promulgating the science of cosmic form and function; and it bespeaks the success of the Koreshan System in not only revolutionizing the present methods of geodetic survey, operations, and experiments, and of general scientific investigation, but also in overthrow- ing every conclusion of modern science !
There is no deceit in the Koreshan System; there is no reason why there should be. It invites investigation and
MODERN GEODETIC OPERATIONS. 59
test; it openly proclaims to the world, not only its premise, but also the discovery of absolute measures whereby its premise may be tested. It comes laying the foundation for the science of future ages, and every stone in its founda- tion must be as solid as the everlasting hills, and its funda- mental principles as etetnal as the contour of the earth. No other system has made such bold claims; no other system has been able to locate its pivot, and no other system fear- lessly asks the scientific world to test its truth by ascertain- ing* by absolute measures, what is the testimony concern- ing the earth* s contour.
Limit of Lateral Vision in Concave Earth.
One of the most common objections advanced by those giving the Koreshan Cosmogony a casual glance is, that if the earth be concave, why can we not see the actual rise of the earth beyond aria upward from the horizon, from the position of the observer ? It appears to such that there should be no horizon at all in fact, but a continued slope upward, outward, and onward; that vessels could not dis- appear on a concave earth, and that Chicago should be visible from St. I^ouis. Of course, such objections are urged without consideration of the fundamental facts and laws of vision and principles of perspective, and moreover, without an investigation of the Koreshan System. We shall endeavor not to introduce abstruse illustrations in the removal of this objection, but to use some of the simplest illustrations, the force and clearness of the application of which we trust will be realized by those considering the facts and arguments.
It is a fact patent to all, that objects of a given size, receding in the distance, appear to grow smaller and smaller
60 THE CELLULAR COSMOGONY.
until they entirely disappear. They do not in fadt diminish; the apparent diminution in size is due to the operation of certain visual laws in the implantation of the impression of the objedls upon the retina of the eye. It is a fact well known to those who have had to do with parallel lines, or who have observed a straight reach of railway tracks, that there is an apparent convergence in the distance. When the mind perceives an object which appears to be small, it is either actually small in size, or it is distant; if large, it is either actually large or near. The apparent size of an ob- ject, therefore, depends upon the visual angle which the ob- ject subtends. We may illustrate this principle by the following diagram: A represents the eye; BC an arrow 12
inches in length, at a given distance from the eye; and bc% its impression upon the retina of the eye; DE, the same arrow removed to twice the distance froin the eye, and de, the length of the impression upon the retina; P is the pupil where the rays cross and focalize. Let it be noticed here that de is just one half the length of the image bcy and the angle Ybc therefore, is proportionally larger than the angle Yde. The same arrow could be removed so far from the eye as to be entirely invisible. The smallest angle under which an object can be seen is about one sixtieth part of one degree, or one minute (1') of space, so that when an ob- ject is removed to a distance which equals 3,000 times its
modern Geodetic opEftATiofcs. 6t
diameter, it will subtend an angle no larger than one minute (i') #f a degree, and therefore, will be visible as a point; this is the vanishing point.
For the sake of illustration, let us suppose that a bal- loon ioo feet in diameter recedes until it appears to be a mere point. We know that it has not actually been reduced to a point. The vanishing point of the balloon necessarily embraces a dimension of ioo feet. If we extend a thread to the balloon so that it shall have apparently the same diameter throughout the distance, its diameter will have to be increased proportionably to the distance, so that when the balloon is reached the thread would have to be ioo feet in diameter. When the eye is applied to the thread, its sides, although curvating outward more and more like a trumpet, appear absolutely parallel and the sides straight. The upper or vertical point of the thread at the vanishing point of ioo feet, would really be higher than it appears to be — being 50 feet higher than the level of the eye, because the whole dimension of 100 feet has been reduced to a point. If the thread be extended in the opposite direction, the result is the same; and if 10,000 threads be extended radially from the eye, so that the longitudinal axis of each thread would be in the same plane, they would be placed so closely and compactly as to form a surface. The upper surface of each thread at the flaring end would constitute a part of a rim, the limit of the slope upward in every direction from the center, while the appearance would be as if the eye were looking out upon a flat plane. The fact would be that the upper surface of the threads would constitute a basin, with the eye at the bottom of a concavity 50 feet deep !
I^et us inquire if a rise of 8 inches of the surface of the earth would be perceptible to the eye. Suppose the eye
<>2 THE CEIXULAfc COSMOGONY.
looks out upon a flat plane, whose radii are one mile in length. I^et the eye be placed near the surface of the plane, after placing at a distance of one mile, an object having a vertical dimension of 8 inches. The object would be invis- ible, because an object of that dimension is not sufficient to subtend an angle of one minute (i') of a degree — it is not of sufficient size to fill the area of vertical perspective for one mile. The distance at which an object 8 inches in diameter, would become invisible is 8X3,000=24,000 inches, or 2,000 feet, less than one half a mile. A rise of 8 inches of solid ground or a concavity of 8 inches for an area of one mile radius, would not be perceptible to the unaided eye.
If the eye be elevated 8 inches above such a concavity, the horizon will appear to rise 8 inches. Will now the second mile, curvating four times as much as the first mile, be apparent to the eye at an altitude of 8 inches ? The curvature upward of the earth in two miles is 32 inches — 2 feet in excess of the curvature for the first mile. The second mile would actually rise 2 feet higher than the eye, which has an altitude of 8 inches above the surface. Is the .space of 2 feet at a distance of 2 miles, sufficient to sub- tend an angle of more than one minute (1') of a degree? 2X3,000=6,000 feet; an object embracing 2 feet vertical dimension, would become invisible at a distance of 6,000 feet. The 2 feet vertical rise of the earth in 10,560 feet or 2 miles, would be imperceptible to the eye; and so on, for the third mile, with similar results.
Let the eye be supposed to look out over a concave area whose radii would be 6 miles, as represented in Diagram 5, Plate 2. XY represents the concave surface; S, the begin- ning of the arc; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, points on the earth* s sur- face one mile apart. The eye at A is situated 24 feet above
MODERN GEODETIC OPERATIONS. 63
the surface, with the horizon at a distance of 6 miles. The first mile, the definite length of which lies between S and 1 , would make a picture upon the retina of a definite length, ab\ the second mile would make a shorter picture, be; the third mile, a still shorter picture, cd} and so on, until the last mile subtends an angle too minute to be perceived by the unaided vision; at the distance of 6 miles, the vertical and geolinear foreshortenings have operated so harmoniously as to form the horizon point practically on a level with the eye; beyond which the concave surface appears to drop out of sight. The earth is not sufficiently concave — that is, the ratio of concavity is not equal to the vertical perspective, so as to cause a continuous view outward and upward on the concave ' 'slope.' ' What must be the ratio of concavity to just fill the area of vertical perspective so that each mile will subtend an angle sufficiently large to be impressed upon the retina? If the earth were less than one half its present diameter, curvating concavely as rapidly as 13 inches per mile, the concavity would not be perceptible; and the hori- zon, although exactly on a level with the eye, would be so far distant as to destroy the appearance of a clear-cut line. The earth curvates concavely at the ratio of about 8 inches to the mile; it therefore lacks 5 inches to the mile of filling up the perspective dimensions; so that a view upon the con- cave surface curvating 8 inches to the mile, produces that effect upon the eye which it is supposed would be produced upon a convex earth, curvating about 5 inches (corrected for greatest refraction) to the mile — a distinct horizon, the distance to which is determined by the altitude of the eye of the observer above the surface at place of observation. Beyond the horizon, the surface seems to drop out of sight or curvate downward; and the distinct horizon appears a little below the actual level at point of observation.
The Earth is Not Convex.
Series of Experiments Conducted on the Water's Surface by the Koreshan Geodetic Staff.
1 1PON the exterior surface of a globe 25,000 miles in cir- cumference, there would be a definite ratio and amount of curvation. Every part of its surface would be convex — the arc of a circle; from the apex or summit of any such arc there would exist a curvature of 8 inches for the first mile, and at the end of the second mile a declination of 32 inches; while for the third mile, a fall of 72 inches or six feet; and in six miles, there would be a declination or cur- vation downward from a horizontal tangent, of 24 feet. For every mile after the first, curvature downward would increase as the square of the distance in miles multiplied by 8 inches. These figures are obtained from the solution of a simple geometrical problem, and at present constitute the formula of calculation of the supposed convexity or ro- tundity of the earth* s surface. That the reader may know that we offer here no exaggeration of the amount of the accredited curvature, we quote as follows, and suggest that any work on geodesy or geometry may be referred to:
The curvature of the earth from a tangent line is 8 inches for one mile from the point of contact; 32 inches for two miles; 72 inches for three miles, etc. — Mattison's Astronomy.
The amount of curvature or divergence from the vertical in- creases as the square of the distance. The curvature of the earth is 8 inches for the first mile, 32 inches for the second mile, and so on. — Encyclopaedia Britannica.
The depression for one mile, determined geometrically, amounts to 8 inches; obviously, the depression for two miles is four times 8 iuches, or two feet and 8 inches: for three miles, the depression is 9 times 8 inches, or 6 feet; and so on — within such greater distances as
THE EARTH IS NOT CONVEX. 65
have to be considered in ordinary observations. Thus up to 100 miles it may be said that the depression, estimated geometrically, is equal to 8 inches multiplied by the square of the number of miles. — Proctor.
The Universal Laws of Hydrostatics.
If the earth were convex, all water in equilibration would conform to this ratio of convexity; oceans, seas, lakes, and canals would present convex surfaces, and in a few miles the curvature would be appreciable to the eye. Upon this point there is no dispute among the physicists. That such curvature is claimed for all waters at rest, is shown by any work on hydrostatics, in which will be found some laws relating to the pressure and balance of fluids. The foundation law of hydrostatics embraces certain principles which may be briefly summed up as the necessary conse- quences of the property of all liquids:
(1) In a perfect fluid when still, the pressure exerted at a given point is normal to the surface upon which it acts, and of equal intensity for all positions of that surface. (2) The surface of equal pressure in a still fluid mass, is every- where at right angles to the direction of gravity — that is, horizontal. (3) A horizontal surface that is everywhere at right angles to the direction of the force of gravity. Such is the surface of a piece of still water.
The above is a brief statement of what is presented in any standard work upon the balance of fluids. From the natural consequence of the law of hydrostatics, the surface of all water must conform to the general contour or configura- tion of the earth; this is universally admitted by all scien- tists and physicists. The principles involved here are so clear and self-evident that there can be no escape from the acknowledgment of so palpable a fact. The issue rests
66 THE CEIXUI,AR COSMOGONY.
here — not that the question is whether or not these laws are true — but the great issue of the shape of the earth can be tested and settled upon this pivot. If water can be deter- mined to be convex, the surface of the earth upon which we live is convex; if water can be determined to have some other form of surface, then it is equally clear that it would indicate that the general configuration or form of the earth does not conform to a convexity. A test of the water's surface, then, would settle the question of the convexity or non-convexity of the earth. The Koreshan System main- tains_that it is concave, the surface of the earth curvating upward at the ratio of 8 inches per mile.
Proctor's Denials, Comments, and Admissions.
Astronomers universally recognize that the issue rests here. Proctor busied himself to some extent with the ques- tion—not in making experiments of survey upon the water's surface, but in the endeavor to console himself in referring to the attacks upon the Copernican system, by denying the testimony of experimentalists concerning even the non-con- vexity of the water's surface, in which he said:
Of course, if Parallax had, with his eyes a few inches from the surface of Bedford Canal, seen an object close to the surface six miles from him, there manifestly would have been something wrong in the accepted theory about the earth's rotundity. — Myths and Marvels of Astronomy, page 279.
Parallax* chief argument at his first lecture was one which could not possibly be answered. He described how he had stood up to his neck in the water of Bedford Canal, where there is a straight reach of six miles, and had, with the telescope, seen down near the water's edge a small boat six miles away. Of course, the only sound answer to his reiterated questions, "What say you to that? how can you explain that?" was simply, "We do not explain it; we decline to believe it."— Proctor's letter to Harper's Weekly.
From the above, it is evident that astronomers in gen- eral hold that even the smallest bodies of water conform to
THE EARTH IS NOT CONVEX. 6^
the accredited convexity, and would argue for the rotundity of the water's surface in conformity with the usual formula. That the reader may be able to contrast theory with facts of experiment, we here present some figures and conditions which would inevitably obtain were the popular belief true. If the earth were convex, a boat receding from a given point upon the surface of a canal would finally disappear over and beyond a hill of water; the relative distance at which it would begin to disappear can be exactly calculated upon the basis of convexity, as for instance: If the eye were 1 8 inches above the water, any part of the water's surface in the direction of the receding boat could not be seen be- yond the apex of the bulge; the line of vision would come in contact with the top of the bulge or hill in i^ miles. Beyond that point the boat would begin to disappear, until at the end of three miles, 18 inches of the vertical surface of the boat above the water would be invisible, because that much of the boat would be beneath the direct line from the eye over the apex of the bulge. When 4^ miles have been traversed by the boat, an object in the boat 6 feet in height would be entirely out of sight; while at the end of 6 miles the surface of the water would be 13^ feet below the line of vision, or that far below the extension of the direct line connecting the eye at the apex of the bulge or convexity. It is obvious that if the boat were this far beneath the line of vision, no aid to the eye could bring the boat into view; a telescope with the power of any number of diameters, could not assist the eye to see through a hill of water occult- ing the boat 13^ feet below its summit!
Experiments on the Old Drainage Canal, Chicago.
As the first of a series of proposed practical experiments with the view to demonstrating the true form of the water's
68
THE CBIXUItAR COSMOGONY.
surface, experiments were conducted upon the surface of the Old Illinois Drainage Canal, July 25, 1896; beginning with the bend in the canal at Summit, 111. , and running up the canal 5 miles to the northeast, to the first bridge.
At the beginning of the line of experiment, a target 22 inches in diameter was fixed upon a staff driven in the bot- tom of the canal, so that the center of the disc was just 18
Old Illinois and Michigan Drainage Canal.— Site of Experiments, July 25, 1896.
inches, and its lower edge 7 inches, above the water. From this point a boat containing the three observers, with tele- scope, materials for sketches, etc. , was rowed a distance of three miles; the boat was then anchored and an accurate view was obtained of the target. The whole of the disc of the target was plainly visible, appearing a little above the water, with all the sections of colors of black, white, and red painted upon it. According to the accredited convexity, with the
THE EARTH IS NOT CONVEX. 69
telescope 12 inches above the water, only 5 inches of the top of the disc should have been visible.
When the boat was rowed to the distance of 5 miles from the target, it was anchored under the bridge, and another view was obtained with a telescope 1 2 inches above the water; the target was visible, also the hull or body of a barge located by the side of the target, upon which, at this dis- tance, men were seen working. At this point also, 5 measured miles from the target, the telescope was lowered to within 6 inches of the water, and through it the target and the barge were as plainly visible as with the instrument 12 inches from the water's surface; the target being plainly discernible against the bank of the canal, in the beginning of the bend in the course of the canal. With the instru- ment 6 inches above the water, the horizon or apex of the bulge, on the basis of assumed convexity, would be about three fourths of a mile away, from which apex the water would curvate away for the remainder of the 5 miles; only three fourths of a mile of the water* s surface could be visible to the eye unaided, or aided with the telescope. The declination in the remaining 4)^ miles would be 12 feet; the top of the target, which was 29 inches above the water, should have been 9 feet, 7 inches below the line of vision; consequently, not only should the target be entirely invis- ible, but also the bank of the canal below the tow-path, which was less than 8 feet above the water.
Convincing Observations on the Return Journey.
Under the bridge from which the above observations were made, two large targets, one 21x27, and the other 26x38 inches, were fastened side by side so that the lower edge of each was 7 inches above the water. The paper of
70 THE CEIXULAR COSMOGONY.
which they were made was white; they were placed in the sunshine directly beneath the bridge. When the boat was rowed three miles on the return trip, observation was made with the telescope 12 inches above the water; the entire sur- face of the targets was plainly visible above the water.
Upon returning to the first target, 5 measured miles from the bridge, the boat was anchored; the sun was shining brightly upon the paper targets under the bridge; the targets were visible at this distance, to the unaided eye of each observer sitting in the boat, the eye being about 30 inches above the water. The canal was quiet and still, with scarcely a ripple on its surface; the conditions were the best and most favorable for the final tests and observations of these experiments. A particular observation was made with- out the telescope. The writer slowly lowered his head from its position in a sitting posture, to within a few inches of the water; as the eye came within 15 inches of the surface, the targets became invisible; upon sitting erect again they came into view. Repeatedly the eye was lowered, but each time the targets could not be seen. To the unaided eye, about three feet of space above the water appeared occulted, and that much of the piers under the bridge appeared out of sight. Will the telescope bring the targets into view again at a nearer approach to the water? Had a boat been alongside the targets, it could not have been seen with the eye alone; the body of a barge three feet above the water would have been invisible.
The telescope was placed 12 inches above the water, and through it the targets were plainly visible. The instru- ment was then lowered to within 6 inches of the surface; the same view was obtained, with the entire surface of the targets in plain view. The result of the comparison of the
THE EARTH IS NOT CONVEX. J I
conditions of observation with the accredited convexity, is the same as in the case of the first target from the view under the bridge, with the instrument 6 inches above the water. The tops of the targets, if the water were convex, should have been 9 feet 10 inches below a direct line extend- ing from the eye over the apex of the bulge to the terminus of the five miles. The accompanying diagram illustrates what would be the conditions and relations of the eye, the line of sight to the occulted objects, upon the basis of the calculated convexity. T represents the telescope, 6 inches from the surface; A, -the apex, Y± of a mile distant; S, the
signals or targets, and B their reflections upon the water beneath.
The Striking Feature of the Final Observation, Giving Unmistakable Evidence that Water is Not Convex !
But the most striking feature was noticed in this last observation at the end of the return journey — important, because it afforded the most unmistakable evidence of the water's non-convexity. Directly beneath the targets were seen their white reflections upon the water, elongated and waving with the slightly rippling surface. We found here a fact mirrored in the water, which cannot possibly be ex- plained away; this view, obtained from careful and steady adjustment of the telescope, showed conclusively that we not
72 THE CELLULAR COSMOGONY.
only saw the targets, but also the water directly beneath the targets-, — we saw every foot of the water* s surface between the anchored boat and the white targets; and not only this, but the surface of the water extending up the canal to bridge No. 2, — ij^ miles more distant. The timbers to which the targets were fastened, and the stones of which the piers were built, were visible down to the surface of the canal.
The evidences presented in these observations were most satisfying and convincing. Manifestly, had there been the slightest convexity upon the surface of this canal, with the telescope 6 inches above the water, no reflections of the targets upon the water beneath could be seen; and with the accredited convexity, any object under the bridge, 12 feet above the water's surface, would have been invisible. The bridge, the piers, the bank on either side, with the two lines of telegraph poles, and the targets upon the wrater, were carefully observed as to their relative size, from the time we left them. The last view through the instrument, of the relations of size and dimension of the objects, was the same as in the view with the unaided eye, one half mile from the bridge. There was no distortion; there could have been no refraction nor mirage. For comparison, carefully-drawn sketches were taken of ,each observation.
The surface of the canal is the same today as it was July 25, 1896; the bridge is there, and the targets can be placed in the same position again. The same views can be had under similar conditions, with the targets and objects standing out in bold relief and in plain view, as indisputable testimony to the truth of the Koreshan Cosmogony, and in refutation of the modern system of science built upon the assumption of the water's convexity. Once more the tele-
THE EARTH IS NOT CONVEX. 73
scope is used to revolutionize science ! Three hundred years ago, it was with the greatest difficulty that scientists could be induced to look through the magic tube; at that time, observation through it meant conversion to the new system. Today, this scientific instrument is put to a new use, and the principal difficulty now is to induce leaders of modern scientific thought to use it upon the surface of any body of water. We will escort any number of surveyors, engi- neers, or scientists to the surface of still water, where the experiments and* observations can be repeated with the results as given above. Let it be put to the test!
Experiments on Lake Michigan.
That the surface of the sea is convex, is shown by the way in which the ship disappears when it sails from the shore. First, the hull goes down behind the horizon, then the sails, and finally the mastheads. If the ship moved on any other than a convex surface it would appear again in the telescope. — Prof. Peabody, Astronomer.
If the water were convex, when boats and ships disap- pear in the distance hull down, they would do so because the intervening hill of water would prevent their being seen; it is conclusive that if this were the case, the telescope would be powerless to render the occulted portion of the ships vis- ible again. It is equally clear that if the telescope can re- store the vanished hulls, the water upon which they sail is not bulged and does not curvate downward beyond the horizon.
It is with reference to this phenomenon that special ob- servations were made on August 16, 1896, from the shore of I^ake Michigan, World's Fair grounds, by the Experi- menting Staff. The atmosphere was clear and the horizon sharply defined against the sky beyond. Several sloop yachts and a schooner were observed at a distance of about
74 THE CELLULAR COSMOGONY.
12 miles; from an altitude of 10 feet above the water (from a pier extending into the lake), the hulls and about one half of the height of the masts were invisible to the unaided eye; through an opera glass, all of the surface of the sails and the full height of masts were visible, with the hulls still invisible; but with a telescope of about 40 powers, the hull of each vessel was brought into view with remark- able clearness.
We then went to the beach, and with the unaided eye about 30 inches above the surface of the water, only a very small portion of the top of the masts could be seen — they appeared like mere white specks just above the horizon. With the eye at this distance from the water, if the water were convex, the horizon would be two miles away, leaving 10 miles to curvate downward from the horizon, placing the hull of each boat 60 feet below the horizon; and as the masts of the sloop yachts were probably not over 40 feet in height, and if not, their tops would have been at least 20 feet out of sight. It was now that the test came with the opera glass and the telescope. With the opera glass, only about one half of the height of the sails and masts could be seen; but through the telescope, the hull of each yacht, at the distance of 12 miles, was made plainly visible. On the I^ake shore at Roby, Ind., August 23, 1896, we made seven specific observations, some of which we briefly present be- low: We were greeted with the most beautiful horizon — clear and well defined; and the observations were rendered the more satisfactory by reason of the sunshine upon the vessels from the west. As we approached the shore we observed, with the unaided eye, what appeared to be a mere white speck upon the horizon. It was a small steamer, with only a small portion of the pilot house visible above
THE EARTH IS NOT CONVEX. 75
the water line. In the field of the telescope, applied to this horizon point, we observed the steamer down to the adtual surface of the water upon which it rested; the whole of its body was in plain view.
In about half an hour the top of the smokestack of another small steamer was seen; and through the telescope, the whole of the body of the vessel. A number of obser- vations were made of some yachts, whose topmasts only were visible above the water . line by means of the naked eye, but whose hulls were clearly seen through the instru- ment, the altitude of which was about 18 inches above the I^ake level.
Presently, we saw a larger vessel running along the horizon line, with nearly the whole of its body out of sight. It was one of the liners running from the docks of Chicago to Michigan City, Ind. With the telescope it was brought into full view. It was going in a direction that soon took it entirely out of sight to the naked eye; not even the small- est portion of it was visible to the eye alone; its direction could only be pointed out by the cloud of smoke which fol- lowed it. Once the smoke cleared away, and there was nothing to indicate to the unaided eye the whereabouts of the vessel; and it could only be found by sweeping the horizon with the telescope.
To obtain the very best observation possible, the the telescope was adjusted very carefully and allowed to rest upon a support; and through the steady atmosphere upon the quiet lake, we observed the whole of the vessel, every part of which was entirely obscured to the unaided vision. The steamer was at least 15 miles distant; according to the accredited convexity, the lower part of the vessel would have been 150 feet below the horizon. If we considered
j6 THE CElXTJtAR COSMOGONY.
refraction to be one third (it is seldom allowed to be over one fifth), there would remain ioo feet between the refracted visual line and the hull of the steamer!
Now let the facts of this observation be considered. If it be admitted that convexity intervened between the eye and the vessel to cut it off from view, would not the con- vexity still remain to occult it in the telescopic field ? It is clearly to be se£n that if convexity were the cause of the disappearance of the vessel, it Would be as impossible to see it through the instrument as with the naked eye. It seems strange that a matter so easily observed as this, should have so long escaped even the most casual observer, — to say nothing of the scientist. We offer at this time no explana- tion of the reason they have overlooked it; suffice it now to say that what we have observed can be seen any clear and calm day upon the I*ake.
Observations on Southern Waters.
Series of Experiments Conducted on the Quit of Mexico and Bay of Naples.
THE observations carefully conducted by the members of the Geodetic Expedition, were in every way satisfac- tory and conclusive. These experiments are sufficient to overthrow the old system of astronomy, and to establish the Cellular Cosmogony of Koreshanity. The facts obtained by these processes are such that, were they observed by the people of the world generally, they would leave not a foot- hold for the now declining systems of science!
While the preliminary work with the Rectilineator was in progress, the operators lost no opportunity for conduct-
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OBSERVATIONS ON SOUTHERN WATERS. ^^
ing all that were possible of the experiments and observa- tions in demonstration of the Koreshan premise. About seventy-five such experiments were conducted; these in- volved numerous critical and comparative observations of the sea horizon under various meteorological and atmospheric conditions, distant vessels, coast lines, etc. ; and the evidences of the earth's concavity thus afforded were conclusive and absolute.
Westward from the Naples coast line, there stretches the beautiful Gulf of Mexico; away in the distance, from the north through west to south, the great semi-circle of the Gulf horizon bounds the waterscape. From the point of ob- servation to the lateral arc of horizon of nearly 1800, the great concave sheet of water extends. From whatever height the observation is made, the horizon rises to meet the horizontal plane of the eye, and beneath lies the dark bowl, the sides of which gradually curvate upward to the horizon rim— -the limit of the lateral or geolinear perspective.
Vessels of various sizes were daily coming within the horizon of our Operating Station. From the distance they came into view, and from plain view they gradually disap- peared. In approaching our field of vision, only the topsails were visible to the naked eye; gradually the lower sails and finally the hull, were exposed to view. When receding, the familiar phenomenon of the hull going "down" was ob- served, then the lower sails, and finally the entire vessel. Were they sailing over a bulge or hill of water on a convex body ? We are all familiar with the usual illustration used , in text-books of modern schools, to convey the impression that the earth is convex. Everywhere, from all quarters, this so called proof that we live on the exterior surface of the earth is urged against the Koreshan System. It was
78 THE CEIJ,UI<AR COSMOGONY.
the purpose of this Expedition to utterly destroy and refute all the usual objections against the System, by the facts themselves. The argument of the earth's convexity, as made to rest upon the phenomena of the appearance and dis- appearance of the hulls of vessels upon the sea, can have no real basis when the mind realizes the facts of comparative observations with the natural eye and a powerful telescope. In these observations alone, is found that which is worth far more than the expenses of the Expedition; but our series of experiments had only begun. We will give brief accounts of a few of the scores of observations made during the five months' experimentation at the Operating Station.
Observations From Naples Beach.
On January 12, from the Naples beach, a four-mast schooner was observed in the southwest, at a distance of about 10 miles. It at first appeared to be but a dark line upon the water horizon. Soon, however, it became more distinct. The hull and about one half masts, and conse- quently about two thirds of the main sails appeared to be cut off by the water beneath. Through the large mounted telescope, not only were the top of the masts and the sails, but also the hull in plain view. Capt. Gilbert, of the sloop Ada, who was present at the time of the observation, con- sidered the vessel about half mast "down;" upon viewing the vessel through the instrument and seeing the hull even down to the water upon which it sailed, he considered it a genuine case of bringing into view the hull of a ship invisi- ble to the unaided eye.
How do we know that we saw only about half masts with the naked eye? We will endeavor to illustrate the same by means of a rough draft of the four- mast schooner in
OBSERVATIONS ON SOUTHERN WATERS. 79
the accompanying cut. The topsails, it will be noticed, in- cline from topmasts to width of mainsails, leaving Vs between the topsails. The appearance of the vessel to the unaided vision was as in Fig. i, the space between the top- sails reaching almost to the horizon. The horizontal dotted line AB in Fig. 2, shows to the naked eye the apparent rela- tion of the topsails to the horizon. Fig. 2 shows the vessel as it appeared in the telescopic field throughout the time of the observation. This gives the comparative observations with the eye and telescope. An opera glass of about six
diameters was also used, its power being sufficient to bring nearly all of the mainsails into view, but not the hull. Through the opera glass, that part of the vessel above the dotted line CD could be seen. The more powerful the means of vision the farther the horizon is extended.
On January 19, about 4 p. m., we observed a dark cloud line just above the southern horizon: As a small fun- nel seemed to connect the cloud with the horizon, the con- clusion was reached that it was a steamer coming into our horizon. There was nothing visible to the unaided vision above the water line, but the smoke. The appearance of the horizon at that point we have endeavored to represent in Fig. 3, in above cut. When viewed through the telescope, the now famous lighthouse tender Mangrove, of Rear Ad- miral Sampson' s fleet, was observed. The body of the vessel
80 THE CELLULAR COSMOGONY.
to the water line, the rigging, masts, and pilot-house were visible as shown in Fig. 4. This observation was in every way satisfactory, because the condition of the atmosphere admitted of a sharp, clear view of the horizon and the smoke, which made the contrast more effective in the com- parative observations. In this experiment the telescope brought all of the body of the Mangrove into view, when entirely invisible to the naked eye.
February 7, 5 p. m. ; two-mast schooner, with two fly- ing jibs was seen, which to the unaided eye appeared about half mast "down," with the hull entirely out of sight. There could be no mistake about this, as the vessel was observed in the north while the sun was shining brightly from the southwest. Through the mounted telescope of about fifty diameters, all of the sails, masts, and hull were plainly visible to the water line. Sloop was seen at the same time as two-mast schooner, appearing only as a white speck on the horizon. Through the telescope the sail, mast, jib, and hull were visible.
February 11, 4 p. m.; large schooner observed in south- west; appearance to unaided eye about half mast "down," with the hull entirely hidden from view. Through the tele- scope the lower masts, sails, and hull were visible. State- ment to this effect is in possession of the Staff, signed by Victoria Gratia, Pre- Eminent of the Koreshan Unity, and Rev. E. M. Castle, who were witnesses of the experiment.
February 13, 9 : 45 a. m.; sloop observed about 9 miles from shore. With the most careful observation with the eye alone, not more than half of the mainsail could be seen. As the vessel was in a calm, the very best opportunity was afforded for critical observation. The telescope not only showed plainly the topmast and rigging, but also the hull down to the surface of the water.
OBSERVATIONS ON SOUTHERN WATERS. 8 1
February 15, 10: 15 a. m.; a jigger rig yacht came into view with only about one third masts visible above horizon. The horizon line was fine; there was no haze, and topsail of the vessel was clear cut and well defined to the naked eye, the water beneath apparently occulting two thirds of sails and all of hull. At first glance it appeared as a white speck on the horizon; the most careful view with the unaided vision would not permit the sight of the lower sails and hull. The view through the telescope showed such a contrast, through which the hull became visible with marked dis- tinctness, the vessel in the telescopic field being visible down to the water upon which it sailed.
February 17, 10 a. m.; schooner observed in northwest. A sailor passing at the time was asked how far "down" the vessel appeared to him. "About half mast <down,,M he said. With the axis of the telescope about 5 feet above water level, the hull was visible, and was observed by mem- bers of our Staff and Corps, as well as by the sailor. The teleseope was then taken to the water' s edge, with the tri- pod lying on the sand and the telescope resting on a small support, so that it was about 15 inches above the Gulf level. Through the instrument in this position, with the head on the sand at the subjective eyepiece, the hull was still visible. The sailor considered the vessel about 8 miles distant. With the eye 15 inches above the water, the horizon, if the earth were convex, would be about 1 y^, miles distant, leaving 6% miles for declination beyond the horizon, which would amount, according to the ratio of curvature, to a little over 30 feet, placing the hull that far below the line of vision!
Sanibel Light Visible 34 Hiles.
The lighthouse on Sanibel Island is 34 miles N. N. W. from Naples. The light has an elevation of 98 feet above mean
82 THE CELLULAR COSMOGONY.
tide level. In order that other fights may not be mistaken for lights in lighthouses, every such light possesses certain characteristics by which it may be recognized by all — such as alternating or intermittent flashes, different colors, etc.
On the evening of January 5, 1897, from the dock extending into the Gulf at Naples, the Sanibel Light was observed through the large mounted telescope, directed to N. N. W. The intermitting flashes showed it to be the Sanibel Light beyond any reasonable doubt. Let us con- sider the utter impossibility of observing this light at this distance if the earth were convex. The axis of the tele- scope was about 17 feet above the water level; this would place the horizon about 5 miles away, leaving 29 miles of declination from the horizon to the lighthouse, which would amount to 560 feet, the required height of the light to be seen at an elevation of 17 feet from Naples. Here is mani- fest a difference of 462 feet between the fallacious Coperni- can theory and facts of actual observation! This light has also been seen from the Naples dock with the naked eye, under extremely favorable circumstances, concerning which we append the following statement:
In March, 1895, one evening between 8 and 9 o'clock p. m., I, in company with Mr. Drummond and Mr. Hugh McDonald, of Coving- ton, Ky., and Thos. E. Hart and N. Walker, of Marco, Fla., saw from the pier or dock at Naples, Fla., the Sanibel Light in lighthouse on Sanibel Island, N. N. W. from Naples. The evening was clear and the light shone clearly. The light is an intermittent one, with one bright flash and two lew bright; these flashes came in regular order throughout the time of observation, so that we could not have been mistaken regarding it being the Sanibel Light. It was at low tide, with Gulf very smooth, with northeast wind for several days previous. The mean difference between high and low tides here is about y/z feet. The height of the floor of the pier from low tide is about 12 feet. — David N. Walker, Sailor, Marco, Fla.
I was present at the observation referred to, and attest the truth- fulness of the above statements. — N. Walker, Marco, Fla.
OBSERVATIONS ON SOUTHERN WATERS. 83
Cape Romano Visible 25 Hiles With the Eye at Water Level.
With clear atmosphere and calm weather, the distance at which objects can be seen upon the sea is greater than would be possible upon the basis of the earth's convexity. We append the following statement handed to us by a citizen of Marco, Fla., an old resident, familiar with every point along the Florida west coast:
About the 29th of January, 1895, at about 4 p. m., Mr. S. E. Williams and myself, from Rabbit Key, a small island just north of Pavillion Key, and a little south of Chokoliska Pass, observed Cape Romano at a distance of about 25 miles. The timber on the cape was as plain to the unaided eye as if it had been only a few miles away with ordinary atmosphere. A little schooner yacht that had passed us and had been out of sight for over two hours, was in plain view, even* to her hull. There was also a schooner that we had not seen before, sailing along the channel from Coon Key to Cape Ro- mano; but I do not remember whether we could see her hull or not. The distance I should judge to be about 25 miles. I believe that we could have seen the above-named objects 10 miles farther, as we laid down over the deck of the boat, with our heads on a level with the water, and we could see the cape, schooners, etc., as plainly as when on the cabin. The sky was cloudy, and we could not see the sun. There was very little breeze at the time; what there was, came from the south. The reason I know that it was Cape Romano, is that there is no other land W. N. W. from Rabbit Key — the course.
Also, Mr. N. Walker, of Marco, and Robert Anderson, of Hotel Naples, saw Sanibel Light from the Naples dock, one night in March of the same year. I would make affidavit of the above, except as to distance, which may not be exactly correct. — Thos. E. Hart, Marco, Fla.
Remarkable Observations by Koreshan Qeodetic
Staff on the Qulf of Mexico and Naples
Bay, Florida.
The objection had been so often urged by illogical crit- ics, that tests upon inland waters were not satisfactory, that it was decided that observations be made upon the Gulf itself, the conformity of which to the contour of the earth no sane mind will question. Against the results of such
84 THE CEUAJIAR COSMOGONY.
observations, no subterfuge can be brought to bear. For this reason also, the air line was surveyed upon the Gulf coast.
Six and one half miles lie between the points of the main land extending into the Gulf at Gordon's and Doctor's Passes. These points are long sand-bars, the elevation of which is equal to the high tide of the Gulf. On the point at Doctor's Pass, a large target 3^ feet square was fixed upon supports; the top of the target was just 5 feet above low tide. On March 2, the mounted telescope was taken to Gordon's Pass, and the visual axis of the instrument was fixed at an elevation of $% fee* above low tide. At this altitude above the low tide level, all of the surface of the target was visible, and the white line of the safidy beach lying beneath it was distinct. No convexity was observa- ble at this elevation. On the morning of March 3, at a time when the Gulf was calm, the observation was repeated. Also with the telescope fixed 2 feet above the water level, the target was still visible; the same at 18 inches, and finally, by reclining at the water's edge, with the axis of the instru- ment 12 inches above the water's surface, the target was still in view. Under the conditions of the last observation, if the water were convex, the horizon would be only 1 % miles distant, leaving 5^ miles of the surface, of the Gulf to decline downward, — amounting to 18^$ feet. As the tar- get was only 5 feet above the low tide water level, it would be 13^ feet below the line of vision. After deducting nearly one seventh of this declination to make up for the usual al- lowance for refraction, 1 1 }i feet would remain as the amount of depression of the target below a line extending through the visual axis of the telescope over the horizon, to the dis- tance of sH miles beyond the horizon. All of these obser-
OBSERVATIONS ON SOUTHERN WATERS. 85
vations were repeated in the afternoon, with the same re- sults.
Experiments on Naples Bay.
A straight reach of 4^ miles was found upon the smooth waters of Naples Bay. At the most southern ex- tremity, a target of white cloth 20x30 inches was fixed upon an upright with cross-arms; the top of the target stood 2 feet above the high-tide mark, leaving a space of 4 or 5 inches to the water's surface. On March 5, at time of high tide, the Staff sailed to the farthest point northeast from which the target could be seen with the telescope. To the naked eye, the target was entirely invisible. The horizon seemed to occult the lower limbs of the belt of mangrove trees constituting the background of the views.
Over the water at the point of observation, the telescope was fixed at an altitude of 30 inches above the water, and through it the target stood out in bold relief. The instru- ment was then lowered to within 18 inches, with the same observed results. Afterward, at the height of 10 inches above the water, the entire surface of the target was still visible. Very careful observations were made and repeated with the telescope at this altitude. The target was clear cut and well defined, and even the space between the bottom of the target and the water was observable. Then, to make the test absolutely satisfactory and conclusive, the telescope was fixed upon the water's surface; with the instrument a/- most touching the water — indeed, it could not be placed closer without wetting the lenses —long and careful observations were made. There could be no mistake; the entire surface of the target could be seen, with a small dark line of the background appearing beneath it. The terrestrial eyepiece
86 ?HJ$ CttU,U1<AR COSMOGONY.
was then exchanged for the astronomical eyepiece of greater power. The target was increased in size, and the relations of the target and the water's surface and the background came out still more noticeably. The object glass is 3 inches in diameter; the axis of the telescope was 2 inches above the water. On the basis of convexity, the horizon would be but one half mile away — for the declination for one half mile is considered to be 2 inches — leaving 4 miles of surface to decline from the horizon point, amounting to 10^ feet. The target would have to be higher than 10^ feet above the water in order to be seen; as it was at an altitude of only two feet, it would be 8^ feet below the line of sight.
Water's Concavity Visible.
These are by far the most satisfactory observations made by the Geodetic Staff, because the tests were more crucial. The results were conclusive, as they afforded an ocular demonstration of the earth? s concavity. A stake 2 feet in height was placed midway between the Observing Station and the target, with cross-bar at top of stake. With the telescope at same altitude, the cross-bar was observed to be a little below the top of the target, with the target fore- shortened by perspective to a breadth equal to above one half the length of the stake. With the visual axis of the telescope 2 inches above the water, the cross-bar was seen to be in line with the top of the target.
Besides this observation, an absolutely satisfactory view was had of the water* s surf ace itself . With the telescope placed absolutely level, the water appeared to slope gradu- ally upward to the center of the telescopic field. With the objective end of the telescope placed a little upward from the true level, and with the water still visible near the ob-
PRINCIPLES Otf MECHANICAL SURVEY. 87
jective end of the instrument, the actual concavity of the water -a midway depression— was clearly observable. This midway depression was at the point of the stake with cross- bar midway between the point of observation and the target, from which midway depression there was a gradual slope upward to the target. This view was obtained by the long terrestrial eyepiece, and also by the astronomical eyepiece, the concavity through the latter being the more marked. There could be no mistake as to the concave arc; the water was seen to be not convex; it did not appear to be a plane, but concave!
Principles of Mechanical Survey.
Successive Steps in the Logic of Geometrical Proposi- tions and Applied Mechanics in Direct Demonstration.
THE FACTS of the observations and experiments pre-- sented in the preceding chapters are quite sufficient to demonstrate the earth's non-convexity, and to destroy the premise of the modern system of astronomy. To the mind capable of comprehending a few simple laws of vision, the observations on the water's surface as conclusively demon- strate that the earth is concave, as the more direct processes involved in the Koreshan Geodetic Survey. Indeed, the fact that we have seen the concave arc, and that it can be seen again under similar circumstances, is a settlement of the question for those who desire ocular demonstrations. From these facts, we pass to the consideration of the more direct processes in the demonstration of the earth' s contour. The most accurate measurements of the earth' s surface
88 THE C£U,UI,AR COSMOGONY.
are made by mechanical means. The employment of appa- ratus for this purpose extends as far back as the history of astronomy. Starting with the simplest factor of linear measurement, the mind can at once conceive of the necessity of mechanical appliances. Space exists between any two points on the earth's surface, embracing a number of units of measure — inches, feet, yards, etc. After a unit of measure has been agreed upon as the standard, its length must be preserved, and the means of preservation reduced to convenience of application or use; wood, iron or other solid material must constitute the embodiment of space units, as the rule, yard-measure, or the surveyor's chain. The process of measuring by all such appliances, is simply that of marking their lengths upon a surface, or by placing them end to end successively throughout the dis- tance to be measured. The measurement of meridian arcs in geodetic survey does not differ in principle from these simple processes; all modern measurements of the earth involve the same factors.
Ancient and Modern Qeodetic Apparatus.
The evolution of geodetic apparatus from the days of Ptolemy to the present time, has resulted from the obvious necessity of obtaining the greatest possible accuracy. Suc- cessive improvements have simply increased precision of adjustment. The first apparatus consisted of wooden rods placed end to end upon the ground; degrees of latitude and longitude have been thus measured, and miles of space determined. In modern times, similar apparatus were used by Picard, the French astronomer. Improvements were made by Osterwald, of Germany; by Mason and Dixon, of London, surveyors of the famous Mason and Dixon line in
PRINCIPLES OF MECHANICAL SURVEY. 89
America. Beccara mounted the sections of his wooden apparatus upon tripods; Cassini de Thury employed bars of iron with adjusting devices; Bessel, iron and zinc; Helmert, platinum and iridium, resting on iron trusses. U. S. geo- detic measurements are made by compound bars of iron and brass, adjusted so as to compensate for contraction and expansion, — an invention of Prof. A. D. Bache. The rods are enclosed in spar-shaped cases made of wood, and mounted on tripods. The adjustments are made by contact of fine points, determined by a delicate index. Similar apparatus are in use by every government in the world,
Prof. Bache' s Apparatus, Used in U. S. Geodetic Coast Survey.
engaged in geodetic work. All such apparatus are em- ployed, not for the purpose of determining a straight line, but to accurately measure distances or meridian arcs; they involve adjustment of single points only. There is no attempt at rectilineation; but the fact remains that their use in modern times by the most skilful geodetic surveyors, proves that accurate adjustments are not only possible, but are actually made by simple contact of metal surfaces. The principles involved in the Koreshan Geodetic Apparatus dif- fer radically from those involved in any other apparatus. It is susceptible of as great precision in linear measure- ment; and consideration of the principles which distinguish it in its form, purpose, and use, will make apparent its superiority over any other instrument of survey, as a means of determining the actual contour of the earth.
90 THE CELLULAR COSMOGONY.
Fundamental Principles of Geometry.
We purpose in this and the succeeding chapters of this work, to make a direct demonstration of the concavity of the earth's surface, involving principles and processes so simple and so absolute as to be both easy of comprehension and conclusive. A direct demonstration proceeds from a premise by regular deduction. First, the premise must be known and absolutely proven, to the utter exclusion of all assumptions; and second, all factors involved in the train of logic must be direct and positive. In the line of sequences, we must take nothing for granted that would ren- der our conclusion less certain than the premise. Our every step must be upon the sure footing of fact. We purpose to show that our premise, as well as resultant conclusion, is so firmly established as to exclude all possibility of doubt or denial.
We begin at the foundation of geometry, and delineate for the mind, step by step, the inevitable conclusions. Geometry is the science of earth- measurement, from y?, earth, and fierpov, to measure. Modern geometry is a fiagment of the true system of the relations and properties of form that existed in the past, from which its present name is derived. Every form has its opposite form, and every form has its co-ordinate form, possessing correlated functions. There is no transmutation possible without seg- mentation; in the evolution of a circle to its co-ordinated square, we have the intersection of secant and arc, and rela- tion and bisection of radius and chord, as in the diagram A, on following page. The radius, which is perpendicu- lar to the chord, bisects the chord, and also the arc which it subtends. The simplest angle to which relations of form can be referred, is the right angle. There can be no merg-
PRINCIPLES OF MECHANIC AI, SURVEY. 9 1
ence of one circle into another as in figure B, without the relations of the cross. If two circumferences intersect each other, the common chord which joins the points of inter- section, is bisected at right angles by the straight line which joins their centers.
Our simplest premise, that the angles relating perpen- dicular and horizontal are equal, is susceptible of being
(A) Segmentation in Geometric (B) Bisection of Common Chord
Evolution. and Lineal Axis.
knovm from a geometrical standpoint. The principles upon which right angles depend — by which they may be formed, also furnish a conclusive test and demonstration of the per-
(O Right Angles. (D, E) Process of Demonstration of
Right Angles.
pendicular relations of straight lines. To draw a line af right angles with another, independently of a square as a guide, we may relate the points of intersection of arcs of merging circles to the line connecting their centers, as before illustrated, and as shown in diagrams D and E, Having demonstrated the principles of right angles, our premise is proven; and we are ready to take the next step in the line of sequential propositions and arguments.
92
THE CELLULAR COSMOGONY.
From the above geometrical facts as a premise, we may construct a square having four right angles, four sides, two perpendicular and two horizontal parallels, because two. straight lines which are at right angles with a given straight line, are parallel with each other. We can know as abso- lutely that the sides of a rectangle are parallel to each other, as we can know that two straight lines are at right angles, and by the same processes. If we place two rectangles of
Parallels. Right angles. Square.
Rectangle.
equal breadth together, we form a new rectangle which is equal in area to the sum of the areas of the rectangles com- prising it; the sides joined being in unity, the extremes are parallel. The other sides are as the extension of straight lines. If this is the result in the conjunction of two rect-
Conjoined Rectangles Forming Continuous Parallels.
angles, the same results would obtain if ten thousand rect- angles were drawn end to end. There could be no possible deviation from a straight rectilinear direction, and we defy any mathematician to show that there could be!
Transposition from Qeometrical to Mechanical Principles.
When we transpose the geometrical principles under consideration to mechanics, we have to deal with material
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PRINCIPLES OF MECHANICAL SURVEY. 93
surfaces and angles instead of geometric lines which bound figures on paper; the principles are the same, for geometry treats of the relations of form of material things. When we carry our demonstrations from the realm of principles to principles applied, we do no violence to our conclusion. Such transposition is necessary to demonstrate the truth about the material form of the earth, or the character of its tangible contour.
The principles of right angles constitute the basis of mechanics as well as of geometry. Every mechanic con- siders right angles; he works with the square. The laws of these relations of form must be obeyed alike by the builder, engineer, and surveyor. If we place two mechanics squares in line, the perpendicular arms will be parallel, and
Rectangular Metal Plates Forming a Straight Line.
may be closely fitted together. It also follows that if we place the perpendicular arms together, the horizontal blades will form a straight line; the results are identical. Two rectangular metal plates accurately trimmed and placed edge to edge will force the other sides to form a straight line, as in the accompanying diagram. If two plates joined will form a straight line, it follows that in the adjustment of three plates, the result would be the same; the same result would be invariable for every subsequent adjustment. Ten thousand plates joined would form a continuous rectiline. A straight line would be forced because of the fact that at every junction the surfaces joined would be parallel, with the horizontals at right angles; consequently the horizontals would necessarily be in line. Flagstones
94 ?HB CKLtUtAR COSMOGONY.
upon pavements running for miles, are illustrations of the principles involved. If such squares laid in a straight line will join accurately the contiguous surfaces, it follows that if the surfaces were joined accurately, the pavement would extend in the same direction — in a straight line. There is no possible escape from this conclusion.
We may further illustrate this principle by reference to the survey of railroad tangents, which often extend for miles in a straight line, as related to the right and the left. These tangents are surveyed by means of the transit instru- ment, a small telescope mounted in a horizontal axis, and made to revolve perpendicularly. The instrument may be taken one mile from a given point, and adjusted so that the
Four-mile B. R. Tangent 8urveyed by Revolving Transit on Horizontal, Right-angled Axis— Perpendicular View.
signal staff is coincidental with the perpendicular cross-hair. As the instrument has a fixed axis at right angles with the line of vision, or horizontal axis of the tube, if the tube be revolved on its right-angled axis, so as to point in the oppo- site direction, another staff, two miles from the first, may be placed exactly in line with the first staff and the line of collimation extending through the tube. In the accompany- ing diagram, presenting a view of the ground from the ver- tical, A is the point of the first staff; B, the telescope, CD, its axis at right angles with the line X; E is the point of the second staff, and Y is the new line extended from B, by revolving the telescope perpendicularly on its axis CD. If the axis be true, the lines X and Y will form a continu-
PRINCIPLES OP MECHANICAL SURVEY. 95
ous straight line two miles in length, its extension being dependent upon a right-angled axis only three inches from either side of the line ! If such long distances can be con- nected together by so short a right-angled axis, it follows that if surfaces of rectangles of greater adjusting leverage are placed in conjunction, they are capable of extending absolutely straight lines.
The Invention of the Rectilineator.
We have followed the logical line of sequences from the fundamental premise to conclusions applied in practical mechanics. Every factor thus far considered is indisputable. We now purpose to describe the embodiment of all these
Five Sections of the Rectilineator in Adjustment
principles of right-angulation and rectilineation in a tangible apparatus, the use and purpose of which can now be easily comprehended by the reader. The Koreshan geodetic appa- ratus called the Rectilineator (from rectus, right, and linea, line),.an instrument for surveying a straight line, was in- vented by the writer in 1896, at the instance of the Founder of Koreshanity , for the purpose of demonstrating the premise of the Koreshan Cosmogony. This instrument is con- structed so as to involve the factors of constancy, conve- nience of operation, and precision of adjustment, which we will briefly describe and illustrate.
The Rectilineator consists of a number of sections in the form of double T squares, each 12 feet in length, with
96
THE CELLULAR COSMOGONY.
braced and tensioned cross-arms 4 feet in length. The length of the cross-arms is to the length of the section, as 1 is to 3. The material of which the sections of the Rectilineator are constructed, is inch mahogany, seasoned for twelve years in the shops of the Pullman Palace Car Co., Pullman, 111. The horizontal bar of each section is 8 inches in width, while the cross-arms are five inches wide. Steel tension rods crossing the horizontal bar transversely and extending through the extremities of the cross-arms, are adjusted to maintain the constancy of the right angles. Finely trimmed
Cross-arms of the Rectilineator in Accurate Adjustment.
braSs facings at the extremities of the cross-arms constitute the adjusting surfaces. Through flanges on the facings, ingenious screws were placed for securing the adjustments when made. As will be seen from the cuts in this connec- tion, each section was supported by two strongly built, platformed standards, with adjustable castings to receive the horizontal sections between the body of the castings and adjustable cleats with clamps and set screws. The sec- tions rest in the castings edgewise, the cross-arms extend- ings perpendicularly, as shown in the picture.
PRINCIPLKS OF MECHANIC AI, SURVEY. 97
Modus Operandi of the New Geodesy.
The principle involved in the operation of the Recti- lineator, is as simple as that of placing two rectangular plates in contact, or laying two mechanic's squares together. Indeed, from the foregoing the mind with a mechanical eye can at once understand the method without further descrip- tion. Supposing the first section accurately leveled and fastened to its standards by the clamps and screws, the reader is ready to imagine the adjustment of Section No. 2 to No. 1 . This is accomplished by placing two standards in proper place in line with the preceding standards, and placing the castings at approximately the proper height. Section No. 2 is placed in position in the castings; set screws are turned so as to raise or lower the horizontal axis to approximate coincidence with the middle line of the first section. The brass facings are brought to within one fourth of an inch of contact. Operators of the set screws are directed to raise or lower the section to bring the hair-lines on the two sections exactly coincidental; fine lines are read with the microscope, and the section is carefully moved hori- zontally by the device for that purpose, until the brass fac- ings are one fiftieth of an inch apart, as determined by a bristol card.
The precise adjustment is determined on the same prin- ciple that the thickness of paper is measured by the finest/ micrometers, differing only in the fact that the metal sur- faces are adjustable, while the thickness of the celluloid card, .01 inch in thickness, is constant. In measuring the thickness of sheets of paper, the fact that when two sheets of paper pass between the fingers of the micrometer with ecfual friction, proves the sheets to be of equal thickness. The difference of a millionth of an inch can be determined
98 THE CELLULAR COSMOGONY.
in this way. So, in case of adjustment of the sections of the Rectilineator, when the same card passes between the brass surfaces at top and bottom of the cross-arms with equal friction, it proves that the adjustment is precise; that the brass surfaces of Section 2 are in adjustment with those of Section 1, and that consequently the hair-line extend- ing the whole length of Section 2 is in line with the hair- line on Section 1. The two sections are now ready for bolting; when bolted, the sections are firm and free from disturbance, while other adjustments are being made to Sections 2, 3, and so on. The same processes are repeated in adjusting Section 3 to Section 2. Only the first section is leveled, for the line to be extended is one which will not follow the curve of the earth, but one that will continue as a rectiline, the line which crosses at right angles the per- pendicular at the point of beginning of the survey.
The straight line is forced by right-angulation, from the first section forward to the terminus of the line. Every succeeding adjustment being exactly like the first, necessi- tates the conclusion that every cross-arm is parallel with all others by virtue of actual contact, and that consequently the hair-line of each section is an extension of the hair-line of each preceding section. This conclusion is so simple, and so in keeping with our premise at the beginning of the argu- ment, as to be absolutely conclusive. So far we have taken nothing for granted, and have asserted only that which is known by every mathematician and mechanic to be true. If we can know that right angles are equal, and they are invariable and constant in their geometrical functions, we can also know that the principles of right-angulation and mechanical rectilineation are one and the same.
The unique principles and points of the Rectilineator, —
PRINCIPLES OF MECHANICAL SURVEY. 99
factors of certainty to be considered in the line of evidences and arguments previous to our final conclusion, may be summed up as follows :
It is constructed upon geometrical and mechanical principles*
Proceeds from a known basis of measurement with invariable results.
Compensates for contraction and expansion.
Eliminates atmospheric refraction and visual perspective.
Furnishes a constant basis of reference for levels, tests, and measurements, and for ascertaining ratio of curvature of the earth.
Methods of operation and results obtained can be understood by the simplest mind.
It does not require a "scientist" to interpret the results.
It has two points of adjustment for each cross-arm — finely trimmed brass facings. '
Adjustments are made secure from tampering hands by bolts; each adjustment is witnessed by every operator.
Standards are platformed, to obviate settling. Other apparatus are mounted on tripods, terminating in sharp points extending into the ground.
A complete system of reversals of the sections corrects any possi- ble inaccuracies or deviation of right-angles in the cross-arms. This system makes impossible the charge of any predetermined plan to construct the instrument so as to run a curved line.
The sections were subjected to all the known crucial tests of right angles, and the lines were read with microscope.
In trial surveys of a given distance and return, the hair-line axis returned to hair-line on brass plate on firmly set stake at starting point, thus proving the perfection of the instrument and the possi- bility of absolutely accurate adjustments.
From the above, it will be seen that the principles upon which the Rectilineator is constructed, differentiate it from all other geodetic apparatus ever used, in the simple feature that it has two adjusting points for each cross-arm instead of one,— as the end of a rod. Its object is to force a straight line instead of following one to measure its length. It is not intended to survey a straight line as related to the right or left, but an air line from the vertical point of any given perpendicular, in accordance with the plans and specifications presented in *he previous chapter. Follow-
IOO THE CELLULAR COSMOGONY.
ing the line of argument from the fundamental premise to the embodiment of the principles in a Geodetic Apparatus, we are ready to present the facts of the actual demonstration achieved through its use. On the evening of March 17,1 897 , the Rectilineator stood at the beginning of the line of sur- vey, at Naples, Fla., ready for the first adjustment in the first and only geodetic survey ever made in the history of the world, to determine whether the earth is flat, convex, or concave!
The Koreshan Geodetic Expedition.
Factors Involved in the Measurement of Meridian Arc in the Florida Coast Survey.
HAVING demonstrated the principles of redlilineation and shown how they are to be applied geodetically, it now devolves upon us to show the actual relation that the rectiline surveyed by such processes, sustains to the actual meridian arc Sj4 miles in length. The relations of the chord and arc we have already considered, the principles of which belong to the direct processes of demonstration which we have introduced and maintained from the premise. We must now deal with the factors involved in the processes of relating a tangibly constructed chord to the great arc of 25,000 miles circumference. In order that these factors may be thoroughly understood, and the strength and char- acter of our evidences appreciated, it is necessary that the reader consider our work of preparation upon which the accuracy of the survey depended, our preliminary surveys, and the methods employed in obtaining accurate measure- ments of the Gulf level, which is subject to daily tides.
THE KORESHAN GEODETIC EXPEDITION. IOI
Naples, a beautiful winter resort on the Florida west coast, (longitude 8i° 55' 25" west, latitude 260 4' 30" north,) was selected as the Operating Station for the follow- ing reasons: The coast line, north and south, was compara- tively straight for a number of miles; the climate admitted of operations during the winter months, and the site was near the Koreshan Co-operative and Communistic Colony atEstero, I<eeCo., Fla. The Geodetic Staff of the Ko- reshan Unity reached the Operating Station January 2, 1897, with apparatus, and all appurtenances and instruments, and plans of operations, which required five months' careful observations and "accurate work to execute. Details of observations on the water's surface, by means of the tele- scope, have been presented in the preceding chapters.
Accuracy of the Rectilineator Proved.
In the direct line of logical sequences, demonstration of the accuracy of the apparatus employed, is demanded; this is absolutely necessary to definite conclusions. It is easy to be seen that if the earth is concave, only accurate apparatus could determine it to be so. The duty that we owed to the Founder of the Koreshan System, to ourselves, and to the world, demanded precision^ and herein we found a powerful incentive to the greatest possible accuracy. Caution forced us to be sure that such an apparatus would admit of practi- cal and precise work, so that months of our time, as well as mental and physical energy, might not be thrown away in a futile attempt to settle the question. It was necessary to submit the apparatus to the most crucial tests that could be devised in mechanical science. It was a new apparatus, and if it was inaccurate, it must be made accurate; our oper- ators must be drilled and skilled by actual experience with
102 THE CEIXULAR COSMOGONY.
the apparatus, before precise adjustments could be expected; for "practice makes perfect." Several weeks were devoted to practice manipulation of the apparatus and trial surveys. Proof of mathematical results is obtained in reversing the operations, and referring the final results to the first. The cross-arms on several sections must be proven to be at right angles with the longitudinal hair-line or axis of the sections of the apparatus. The inventor and mechanical experts, devoted four weeks to test and adjustment of the right angles; six series of tests were applied, and each sec- tion was reversed, end for end, and turned over fifty times on the special platform with mechanical devices for measure- ment and reference. Points and the finest possible lines engraved on steel and brass plates, to which adjustments were referred, were read by means of the microscope; in this way, the very slightest variation of angles could be detected. When the hair-line of each section, in the different positions of reversals in which they could be placed, fell upon the same point under the microscope, it was a mechanical demonstration that the cross-arms were at absolute right- angles with the hair-line on the horizontal bar.
System of Reversals and Final Tests.
During the mechanical tests of the apparatus and trial surveys, an ingenious system of reversals of the sec- tions for use in actual survey, was invented at the Operat- ing Station by Rev. E. M. Castle, of the Geodetic Staff, and member of the Visiting and Investigating Committee, and witness of important operations. This system consisted in turning over each section at its every alternate adjustment; in this way any inaccuracy in the right-angled cross-arms, whether great or small, would in the course of a few adjust-
THE KORESHAN GEODETIC EXPEDITION. 103
ments, be made to correct itself. The proposition is self- evident, and resulted in the geometrical and mechanical certainty of obviating the effect of any cross-arm varying from absolute right-angles, and prevented any errors aris- ing from such a source. The Check Record Books of the Staff show that this system of reversals was faithfully applied throughout the entire line of survey.
After all the adjustments were completed, and the sys- tem of reversals was devised for application, and before the actual line of survey was commenced, the apparatus was subjected to one of the most crucial tests possible to impose upon it. A single line connects two points. By means of approximate right angles, we might extend a line from a given point to another; but so long as the right angles are an unknown quantity, they cannot constitute a basis of reference of the results. In the case of our apparatus, the cross-arms themselves were being subjected to test. The fact that we extend a line for a given distance proves noth- ing, unless there is a basis of proof preceding the survey; without the final tesl.a slight deviation might remain, which escaped other methods. To ascertain whether or not there was, to what extent, and in what direction a trial line has deviated, we must mechanically relate the results to the point from which the line was projected. On so large a scale, this can only be done by taking the last adjustment in the forward line, as the first adjustment in the return, and retrace the direction to the beginning; if there had been a deviation from a rectilinear course, it would be shown when the original point was reached; if it returned to the same point, the cross-arms were at right angles, and the apparatus absolutely accurate. 228 feet were measured; a stake was fixed at the beginning, with brass plate bearing
104 THE CSUUIiAR COSMOGONY.
fine line coincidental with the horizontal hair-line of the apparatus. 19 forward adjustments were made, and the direction retraced; at the last return adjustment, the sec- tion was found to be in exactly the same place as originally, with the hair-line precisely over the fine line on the brass plate. The results were determined by observations with the microscope; the apparatus returned to the same point, after traversing the space of 456 feet, without a deviation of .0001 of an inch. This test was in accordance with the plans of critics on the field of observations, representing the Copernican System, who were doing all in their power to prove the instrument inaccurate. The test was applied, and the demonstration places the fact that the apparatus was accurate and capable of surveying an accurate air line, beyond all doubt or denial!
Preparations for the Geodetic Survey.
For several weeks previous to the beginning of the geo- detic operations, the numerous tourists from the North and from Europe, and the residents of Naples, standing upon Col. Haldeman's long dock, saw two 15-foot, 2x6 inch perpen- dicular stakes outlined against the southern horizon. They marked historic points along the line of the first survey that determined the true contour and ratio of curvature of the earth's surface. From the fixed stake on the approach of the Naples dock, the dignified stakes marked the direction of the meridian line. Standing in the long line like senti- nels of success, were the lesser stakes that indicated shorter intervals of space. We had conducted a coast survey; with surveyor's instruments, a line or path along which the Rec- tilineator was to be moved section by section in precise ad- justments, had been measured, and eighths of miles marked
THE KORESHAN GEODETIC EXPEDITION. 105
by stakes, for 4^ miles down the coast. As the air line was to be straight, and as the shore line was a little irregu- lar, the land elevation above the water level varied from 3 to 5 feet. Excavations were necessary, and much other work of similar character, to remove all obstructions and clear the way for convenient and uninterrupted operations when the adjustments began. We refer to these incidental preparations, in connection with all other factors involved in obtaining the results, to give something of an idea of the magnitude of the undertaking we had before us; to show that care was taken to attain accuracy; that we were faithful and persistent in the execution of our plans; that we understood what was required to determine the facts in- volved in the question, — geometrically, 'mathemaj^fcaHy, practically, and mechanically; to manifest to the reader that we faithfully detail the entire proceeding — all of the obsta- cles and difficulties, and how they were removed, as well as demonstration of principles and facts of measurements — to prove not only that the survey was made, and made hon- estly, and success achieved, but also to show that in consid- eration of the fact that it was the first attempt in the his- tory of the world to make such a survey, its accomplish- ment is a marvel !
Prof. Morrow's System of Uniform Tide Measures.
We have shown through definition of the laws of hydro- statics, that the contour of the water* s surface conforms to the general contour of the earth's surface; consequently, its natural level constitutes the definite curve to which all our geodetic measurements must be referred; that is, after relat- ing that curve to a tangible air line or rectiline, the arc of the water's surface is considered as the curve measured,
I06 THE CELLULAR COSMOGONY.
from which measurements we are to deduce a definite ratio of curvature. The fadl that it is impossible to operate on the water's surface and only on the land, necessitated the Employment of a system of hypsometry (from v^g, height, and nerpov, to measure) for the measurements of the altitude of the surveyed .line at every eighth division of a mile throughout the line of survey.
The average difference of tide levels on the Florida coast is about $% feet. The mean tide level is a point mid- way between high and low tide levels. It was necessary to ascertain this point with all possible precision, which we did by means of a tide register, consisting of a caisson, with
Transferring 128-inch Vertical Altitude to Naples Beach— Cross-sectional View, Looking South.
perforations, and a tide staff measure, set in the Gulf, so that its bottom was below the level of low tide, and its top above the level of high tide. The perforations admitted the water from beneath at normal pressure, and prevented wave fluctuations; thus the water in the caisson was perfectly still, and only rose and fell with the Gulf tide level. When the mean tide level was obtained, it was marked upon the stationary tide register and became the fixed point to which all other measurements of water level were referred, as we will show. We desired to project a line from the vertical altitude of 1 28 inches above a definite instead of a fluctuating level; consequently, by means of the tide staff extending
THE KORESHAN GEODETIC EXPEDITION. I07
vertically from the caisson, that altitude was transferred to the land elevation where the survey began, by application of the principles of right angles, as in the Cross-sectional View. The geodetic level was adjusted to cause the ver- tical angle to intersect the tide staff at altitude of 128 inches; we then had 128 inches altitude as a fixed point on the beach, as the altitude of the commencement of the air line. As the mean tide level in the stationary tide register became a known and fixed quantity, it was taken as a basis of reference for the measure of the altitude of the air line at all station points along the entire line. We may illustrate this process of referring all other tide measurements to the
Process of Referring all Measurements to Stationary Caisson.— Land Elevation, Looking East.
original, by diagramming tide staff on stationary register, and tide staff on portable register at any other given point. XY isthe mean tide level, which is marked as a fixed point on staff A, the top of which is the altitude of 128 inches above mean tide level, which is also indicated on the beach as shown on preceding page. The tide staff A is divided into feet and inches.
Now what we desire to make clear to the reader, is how we could obtain the same vertical altitude with accuracy, at any other point along the line, by measurement of altitude staff B with the Gulf level constantly varying from the mean tide level. We will take the measurement on tide
108 THE CELLULAR COSMOGONY.
staff A, for instance. At the time of measurement, say 2 miles from the beginning, suppose the water level was 1 2 inches above mean tide level, leaving 116 inches of tide staff A, extending above the water at the stationary caisson. The line PQ will represent the 116-inch measure on the staff. Now if staff B, with inches marked from the verti- cal point the same as A, be fastened to Register B, 116 inches above the line PQ, it will have the same vertical alti- tude as A. The water level in caisson A, as indicated on the staff A, was received at B by means of our Code of Signals, so that the adjustment of staff B at the proper altk tude, or corresponding height above the water, was made at the same instant. In this way, no matter whether the
The fiatuw Arc of Mean Tnle Level, Tide Starts, and Secondary Datum Line.
measurements were taken at high or low tide, or at any water level between the two extremes, the results were accurate, because the fixed point at A was the constant and unvarying basis of reference. When the vertical altitude of staff B was ascertained, the corresponding vertical angle was transferred to the land elevation, the same as illustrated i 1 the cross-sectional view of the first tide measure.
Measurements of same vertical altitude above the water were made for 25 points along the beach from the begin- ning to the extremity of the line; when completed, the 128- inch uniform vertical altitude of the 25 tide staffs, necessa- rily formed a line parallel with the water' s surface, as in the above diagram. XY is the water's continuous surface
THE KORESHAN GEODETIC EXPEDITION. 109
at mean tide level; the curved line PQ, represents the 128-inch vertical altitude of the tide staffs. XY was our datum line, to which the altitude of the air line above the water at every successive eighth of a mile tide staff was referred. The hypsometric principles involved in these measurements by means of the tide staffs are scientific, and the process admitted of accurate measurements. With the line PQ established as a fixed line parallel with the mean tide level or datum line, measurements were made from the upper line of reference with equal accuracy; the upper datum line was constantly above the water, and on the land elevation, while the lower datum line was sometimes beneath the tide waters; we found it more convenient therefore, to measure from the vertical points than from the datum line beneath the vertical points. When our datum lines were established, the preparations for the survey were complete. The ground elevation on the beach on which the line was extended, was on the average about 4^ feet above mean tide level; at the beginning of the survey, the highest land elevation, the hair line on the apparatus measured 53 inches above the ground.
Levels, Plumbs, Appurtenances, and Records.
Inasmuch as the Geodetic Survey was extended through space by means of right angles, regardless of any other method of determination of a straight line, and regardless of the consequences, it is obvious that it was not extended by any leveling process. By reference to cut No. 4, Plate 1, it will be seen that the rectiline would vary from the water level in ever-increasing angles from the beginning to the end of the line. If the earth were convex, the line at the end of 4 miles would be higher than at the beginning,
IIO THE CELLULAR COSMOGONY.
and the angles would be divergent from the beginning; if concave, convergent from the beginning. We used levels for two purposes: First, to level the first section; second, to ascertain and record the variation of the sections from the water horizontal at given points along the coast. By refer- ence to the "Comprehensive "View of the Air I^ine,M the reader will understand how the plumb-line should hang with reference to the right-angled bars first, if the earth were convex; second, if it were flat; and third, on the basis of the concavity.
The leveling of the first section was the point for the exercise and application of the greatest skill and accuracy; the first section must be accurately leveled ! For this pur- pose we applied one of the finest and most sensitive spirit levels obtainable. In connection with this we had our 12- foot Mercurial Geodetic I^evel, invented by the writer, especially for this survey. Being 12 feet in length, it was susceptible of being used with great accuracy and precision. Applied to the first section, the spirit and mercurial levels agreed. The plumb was also applied to the cross-arms of the first section, as additional corroboration. The horizon was also observed in relation to the long straight-edge formed by a number of adjustments, and the straight-edge was perfectly parallel with the clear-cut water line of the Gulf of Mexico, viewed from a point three or four rods back of the appapatus, so as to place the under edge of the straight-edge and the water line in apparent contiguity. The leveling was a careful, painstaking, and successful work, witnessed by every member of the staff, and finally pronounced perfect at 8 : 50 on the morning of March 18, 1897. From thence the line was projected on the basis of the principles which we have demonstrated.
THE KORESHAN GEODETIC EXPEDITION. Ill
Constantly at the hand -of the writer, moved along the line as the work progressed, was the convenient chest with thermometer, microscope, calipers, rules, compass, spirit level, triangles, protractor, telescope, thumb bolts, adjusting gauges, celluloid test card, etc., and the books of the staff, for the purpose of making the most accurate observations and measurements, and recording the same on the field of operations in the presence of all the witnesses. Every.item of adjustment, test, observation, and measure- ment was checked in the Check Record Book, and described in detail in the Daily Record Book, to which are appended the signatures of all operators and witnesses. The facts of preparation, measurements, and survey contained in this work are taken today from the records, attested and sworn to by the entire Geodetic Staff and the Investigating Com- mittee.
Personnel of the Staff, Investigating Committee, and Corps of Witnesses.
In our line of argument, it is necessary to introduce the Operators and witnesses, that the reader may judge of the character of the testimony concerning the facts observed; and to this end we publish the names of all those connected in any way with the experiments and survey conducted on the Florida coast. The operations and observations were not witnessed by the Operating Staff alone. Appended to this work are the statements of the Visiting and Investi- gating Committee, concerning the facts observed when the air line was projected into the water on May 5, 1897, an<* the repetition of the same on May 8; also the sworn state- ments of the Operators and Watchman concerning the pre- cautions taken to prevent any one tampering with the
112 THE CELLULAR COSMOGONY.
apparatus or its adjustments. In the list of the Operating Staff, we briefly mention the position each occupied, and the class of work to which each was assigned:
Division A.
Prop. U. G. Morrow, Geodesist, head of the Expedition; Inventor of the Rectilineator; in charge of the Field Operations, Experi- ments, and Observations; director of Hypsometric Operations; special Newspaper Correspondent; directed and tested every Adjustment and Measurement of the entire Survey, and per- sonally checked same in the Record Books.
*L. M. Boomer, General Manager.
REV. E. M. CASTXE, of the University System of the Koreshan Unity; inventor of the System of Reversals of sections of the Rectilineator, and witness Of important operations.
George T. Ordway, Operator; manipulated Set Screw No. i; detached each rear section, and transferred same for forward adjustment; made reversals in accordance with the Formula of the Castle System; signaled tide measures from Stationary Caisson.
J. Jackson Wiwjamson, Assistant Operator; manipulated Set Screw No. 2; assisted in detachment of each rear section, and in the reversals; Watchman.
*H. B. Boomer, Secretary.
Division B.
George W. Hunt, Engineer; in charge of Division B, operating in advance of Division A; directed emplacement of the 8-foot plat- formed standards, and adjustment of castings which received the sections of the Rectilineator; in charge of all excavations, and setting of Tide Staffs.
P. W. Campbeu,, Mechanic and First Assistant Engineer; Assistant Watchman.
Au.EN H. Andrews, Second Assistant Engineer; Assistant Watch- man*
Corps of Staff Assistants.
Gustave Fabre. Leroy L'Amoreaux.
Charles Mealy. Laurence Bubbett.
Visiting and Investigating Committee.
Victoria Gratia, Pre-Eminent of the Koreshan Unity. Rev. E. M. Castle, of the Koreshan University, Estero, Fla. Prof. O. F. L'Amoreaux, A. M., Ph. D., 31 years in Chair of Lan- guages, Wheaton College, Wheaton, 111.
RESULTS AND INEVITABLE CONCLUSIONS. 113
C Sterling Baldwin, M. D.
Mrs. Ada Welton.
T. R. Ehney, Postmaster at Naples, Fla.
W. D. Puenfoy, Naples, Fla.
S. I,. Green, M. D., Marco, Fla.
Other Witnesses and Visitors.
Hugh McDonald, Covington, Ky.
Mrs. Hugh McDonald, Covington, Ky.
Miss Ann Haldeman, Louisville, Ky.
Miss Lucy Lemon, Louisville, Ky.
Miss Elsie Frederickson, Louisville, Ky.
J. T. Smith, Springfield, 111.
Mr. Strauss, of Louisville Courier-Journal.
Capt. Robert Gilbert, Estero, Fla.
Richard Gilbert, Punta Rassa, Fla.
Mrs. Elizabeth Robinson, Chicago, 111.
R. B. Gilbert, Punta Rassa, Fla.
Mrs. Esther Stotler, Estero, Fla.
Miss Rose Welton, Estero, Fla.
Carl Leutich, Estero, Fla.
Lester Wintersgill, Estero, Fla.
G. R. Calhoun, Plant City, Fla.
Thos. E. Hart, Marco, Fla.
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